Table Info

Table 1.

Definition of RRIs (RRIS) as defined by the 2020 intersocietal consensus “the prevention of RRIs”

Age group	Definition
1–3 years	6 or more respiratory infections in one year (of which 1 can be pneumonia, even severe) 2 non-severe pneumonias confirmed by clinical and/or radiological criteria in one year
3–6 years	5 or more respiratory infections in one year (of which 1 can be pneumonia, even severe) 2 non-severe pneumonias confirmed by clinical and/or radiological criteria in one year
6–12 years	3 or more respiratory infections in one year (of which 1 can be pneumonia, even severe) 2 non-severe pneumonias confirmed by clinical and/or radiological criteria in one year

RRIs: recurrent respiratory infections. RRIS: RRIs in the last six months

Declarations

Author contributions

CI, LFI, ML, MM, and AK: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. GD, FD, and MMdG: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Cristiana Indolfi, Angela Klain, Giulio Dinardo, and Michele Miraglia del Giudice who are the Guest Editors of Exploration of Asthma & Allergy had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of “Luigi Vanvitelli University” (protocol number 0029465).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants’ parents.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data of this manuscript could be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Bellanti JA. Recurrent respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients. Drugs. 1997;54:1–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

Pasternak G, Lewandowicz-Uszyńska A, Królak-Olejnik B. Recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2020;49:260–6. Polish. [PubMed]

Cohen R, Just J, Koskas M, Bingen E, Boucherat M, Bourrillon A, et al. Recurrent respiratory tract infections: how should we investigate and treat? Arch Pediatr. 2005;12:183–90. French. [DOI] [PubMed]

Di Mattia G, Nenna R, Mancino E, Rizzo V, Pierangeli A, Villani A, et al. During the COVID-19 pandemic where has respiratory syncytial virus gone? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56:3106–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Hsu HT, Huang FL, Ting PJ, Chang CC, Chen PY. The epidemiological features of pediatric viral respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2022;55:1101–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Angoulvant F, Ouldali N, Yang DD, Filser M, Gajdos V, Rybak A, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Impact Caused by School Closure and National Lockdown on Pediatric Visits and Admissions for Viral and Nonviral Infections—a Time Series Analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:319–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Kuitunen I, Artama M, Mäkelä L, Backman K, Heiskanen-Kosma T, Renko M. Effect of Social Distancing Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Incidence of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children in Finland During Early 2020. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39:e423–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

Nolen LD, Seeman S, Bruden D, Klejka J, Desnoyers C, Tiesinga J, et al. Impact of Social Distancing and Travel Restrictions on Non-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Non-COVID-19) Respiratory Hospital Admissions in Young Children in Rural Alaska. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:2196–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Rosenfeld N, Mandelberg A, Dalal I, Tasher D, Kamar A, Schnapper M, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory morbidity during infancy: A birth-cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57:848–56. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Abi Zeid Daou C, Yammine Y, Daou AM, Feghali PAR, Najjar W, Barazi R. Incidence of pediatric tonsillitis, otitis and upper respiratory infectious entities in the pre and post COVID-19 quarantine eras. Acta Otolaryngol. 2023;143:423–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Dhochak N, Singhal T, Kabra SK, Lodha R. Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Why Children Fare Better than Adults? Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87:537–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Klain A, Indolfi C, Dinardo G, Decimo F, Miraglia Del Giudice M. Covid-19 and spirometry in this age. Ital J Pediatr. 2022;48:11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Parisi GF, Indolfi C, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Miraglia Del Giudice M. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children: From Etiology to Management. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:616622. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Parisi GF, Brindisi G, Indolfi C, Diaferio L, Marchese G, Ghiglioni DG, et al. COVID-19, anosmia, and ageusia in atopic children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022;33:99–101. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Parisi GF, Brindisi G, Indolfi C, Diaferio L, Marchese G, Ghiglioni DG, et al. Upper airway involvement in pediatric COVID-19. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020;31:85–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Brindisi G, Zicari AM, Parisi GF, Diaferio L, Indolfi C, Marchese G, et al. Prevalence of COVID-19 in children affected by allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma: results from the second “SIAIP rhinosinusitis and conjunctivitis committee” survey. Ital J Pediatr. 2022;48:1. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Cardinale F, Ciprandi G, Barberi S, Bernardini R, Caffarelli C, Calvani M, et al.; and the SIAIP Task Force. Consensus statement of the Italian society of pediatric allergy and immunology for the pragmatic management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46:84. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Ritorno a scuola senza mascherine e addio alla DAD: scopri tutte le novità [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 30]. Available from: https://openinnovation.regione.lombardia.it/it/news/news/6759/ritorno-a-scuola-senza-mascherine-e-addio-alla-dad-scopri-tutte-le-nov

19.

Indicazioni ai fini della mitigazione degli effetti delle infezioni da Sars-CoV-2 nel sistema educativo di istruzione e di formazione per l’anno scolastico 2022 -2023 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 30]. Available from: https://www.miur.gov.it/documents/20182/0/MI_Vademecum+COVID+AS+22-23.pdf/644ce43d-5b01-3cbc-23b9-c560931aff52?t=1661684316063

20.

Chiappini E, Santamaria F, Marseglia GL, Marchisio P, Galli L, Cutrera R, et al. Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections : Inter-society Consensus. Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47:211. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Preventing Childhood Obesity – Eating Better, Moving More [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 13]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/grand-rounds/pp/2018/20180821-childhood-obesity.html

22.

El-Azami-El-Idrissi M, Lakhdar-Idrissi M, Chaouki S, Atmani S, Bouharrou A, Hida M. Pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: when and how to explore the immune system? (About 53 cases). Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Ameli F, Brocchetti F, Mignosi S, Tosca MA, Gallo F, Ciprandi G. Recurrent respiratory infections in children: a study in clinical practice. Acta Biomed. 2020;91:e2020179. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Alho OP, Koivu M, Sorri M, Rantakallio P. Risk factors for recurrent acute otitis media and respiratory infection in infancy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1990;19:151–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Ciprandi G, Ameli F, Asmanov A, Passali FM, Tosca MA. Risk factors for recurrent acute otitis media: a real-life clinical experience. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;35:33–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Falagas ME, Mourtzoukou EG, Vardakas KZ. Sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med. 2007;101:1845–63. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Ghimire P, Gachhadar R, Piya N, Shrestha K, Shrestha K. Prevalence and factors associated with acute respiratory infection among under-five children in selected tertiary hospitals of Kathmandu Valley. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0265933. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Halvorson EE, Saha A, Forrest CB, Razzaghi H, Brittan M, Christakis DA, et al. Associations Between Weight and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease Outcomes in Hospitalized Children. Hosp Pediatr. 2022;12:734–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Dobner J, Kaser S. Body mass index and the risk of infection - from underweight to obesity. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:24–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Leonardi L, Rivalta B, Cancrini C, Chiappini E, Cravidi C, Caffarelli C, et al. Update in Primary Immunodeficiencies. Acta Biomed. 2020;91:e2020010. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Rodríguez L, Cervantes E, Ortiz R. Malnutrition and Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Infections in Children: A Public Health Problem. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:1174–205. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Chalabi DA. Acute respiratory infection and malnutrition among children below 5 years of age in Erbil governorate, Iraq. East Mediterr Health J. 2013;19:66–70. [PubMed]

33.

Dellepiane RM, Pavesi P, Patria MF, Laicini E, Di Landro G, Pietrogrande MC. Atopy in preschool Italian children with recurrent respiratory infections. Pediatr Med Chir. 2009;31:161–4. [PubMed]

34.

Sansone F, Attanasi M, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F. Asthma and Obesity in Children. Biomedicines. 2020;8:231. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Monto AS. Epidemiology of viral respiratory infections. Disease-a-Month. 2003;49:160–74. [DOI]

36.

Hwang JK, Na JY, Kim J, Oh JW, Kim YJ, Choi YJ. Age-Specific Characteristics of Adult and Pediatric Respiratory Viral Infections: A Retrospective Single-Center Study. J Clin Med. 2022;11:3197. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Cuppari C, Colavita L, Miraglia Del Giudice M, Chimenz R, Salpietro C. Recurrent respiratory infections between immunity and atopy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020;31:19–21. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

La Tessa A, Motisi MA, Marseglia GL, Cardinale F, Licari A, Manti S, et al. Use of remdesivir in children with COVID-19 infection: a quick narrative review. Acta Biomed. 2021;92:e2021524. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Raghuwanshi B, Singh A, Singh A. Recurrent Viral Infections Post COVID 19. Mymensingh Med J. 2023;32:587–9. [PubMed]

40.

Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:195–210. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Sürücü Kara İ, Aydın Peker N, Arslan YK, Topal İ. Risk Factors for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Recurrent Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Children. Van Med J. 2024;31:53–9. [DOI]

42.

de Martino M, Ballotti S. The child with recurrent respiratory infections: normal or not? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18:13–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

43.

Karmaus W, Dobai AL, Ogbuanu I, Arshard SH, Matthews S, Ewart S. Long-term effects of breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections on asthma in children. J Asthma. 2008;45:688–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]