Exploration of Asthma & Allergy

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for ED visits, by asthma diagnosis

Measures	No Asthma (%) n = 91,760,547 Percent 95.40%	Asthma (%) n =4,419,629 Percent 4.60%	p-value*
Context
Year of visit			< 0.0001
2005	8.81	6.15
2006	8.74	6.54
2007	9.01	7.13
2008	9.28	7.72
2009	10.22	9.50
2010	10.01	10.32
2011	10.31	11.37
2012	10.80	12.63
2013	11.12	13.55
2014	11.70	15.10
Hospital control			< 0.0001
Government	17.20	13.80
For-Profit	15.29	13.38
Non-Profit	67.51	72.82
Hospital teaching/location			< 0.0001
Urban, non-teaching	77.33	78.96
Rural, non-teaching	8.46	7.53
Urban, teaching	14.21	13.51
Hospital licensed bed size			< 0.0001
1 to 49 beds	3.32	2.41
50 to 99 beds	4.86	4.76
100 to 149 beds	9.96	9.50
150 to 199 beds	12.43	13.26
200 to 299 beds	20.01	22.21
300 to 499 beds	35.24	35.30
500+ beds	14.20	12.56
Hospital system status			< 0.0001
In system of 3+ hospitals	57.06	61.52
Not in a system	42.94	38.48
DSH status			< 0.0001
DSH hospital	35.71	34.07
Non-DSH hospital	64.29	65.93
Hospital Kaiser Permanente status			< 0.0001
Non-Kaiser	86.86	80.93
Kaiser	13.14	19.07
Pre-disposing+
Age group			< 0.0001
0 to 17 years	2.46	1.06
18 to 64 years	53.11	50.74
65 years and greater	7.90	4.84
Unknown	36.53	43.36
Sex			< 0.0001
Male	27.43	23.07
Female	32.65	31.12
Unknown	39.92	45.81
Race			< 0.0001
White	35.33	29.38
Non-White	18.91	20.28
Unknown	45.76	50.34
Ethnicity			< 0.0001
Hispanic	19.17	16.19
Non-Hispanic	32.71	31.74
Unknown	48.11	52.07
Age group			< 0.0001
0 to 17 years	4.07	2.87
18 to 64 years	83.39	86.74
65 years and greater	12.54	10.39
Sex+			< 0.0001
Male	43.24	41.32
Female	56.76	58.68
Race			< 0.0001
White	63.65	60.56
Non-white	36.35	39.44
Ethnicity			< 0.0001
Hispanic	37.96	36.39
Non-Hispanic	62.04	63.61
Predisposing-vulnerable domain
CCS 651 anxiety disorders			< 0.0001
Yes	3.10	5.03
No	96.90	94.97
CCS 652 attention-deficit, conduct, and disruptive behavior disorders			< 0.0001
Yes	0.24	0.70
No	99.76	99.30
CCS 657 mood disorders			< 0.0001
Yes	2.85	6.16
No	97.15	93.84
CCS 659 schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders			< 0.0001
Yes	1.02	1.12
No	98.98	98.88
CCS 662 suicide and intentional self-inflicted injury			< 0.0001
Yes	0.69	0.55
No	99.31	99.45
Enabling
Payer source			< 0.0001
Self-pay	16.38	12.66
Medicare	10.35	8.60
Medicaid	27.95	34.87
Private insurance	38.55	38.59
Other government	3.48	2.27
Other	3.30	3.01
Need
Asthma as a primary diagnosis			< 0.0001
Yes	0.00	33.93
No	100.00	66.07
Outcome
Discharge status			< 0.0001
Routine/home	93.95	96.00
Admitted to inpatient	2.06	1.66
Left against medical advice	2.23	1.09
Died	0.17	0.06
Court/law enforcement	0.18	0.14
Other, such as long-term care	1.40	1.05

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CCS: Clinical Classification Software; ED: emergency department; DSH: Disproportionate Share Hospital; *: comparisons are for groups, not individual levels; +: imputed demographics based on averages of 961 million records

Declarations

Author contributions

JEB: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. ICE: Writing—review & editing. CG: Writing—review & editing. MW: Writing—review & editing. JMB: Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for this study was obtained by the Loma Linda University Health Institutional Review Board which determined that this was not human subjects research (IRB# 5240531).

Consent to participate

The informed consent to participate in this study was exempted by Loma Linda University Health Institutional Review Board due to analyzing public-use data.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Public-use data is no longer available. Confidential emergency department data for California may be obtained at: https://hcai.ca.gov/data-and-reports/research-data-request-information/#patient-discharge-data-pdd

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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