Descriptive statistics for ED visits, by asthma diagnosis
Measures
No Asthma (%)n = 91,760,547Percent 95.40%
Asthma (%)n =4,419,629Percent 4.60%
p-value*
Context
Year of visit
< 0.0001
2005
8.81
6.15
2006
8.74
6.54
2007
9.01
7.13
2008
9.28
7.72
2009
10.22
9.50
2010
10.01
10.32
2011
10.31
11.37
2012
10.80
12.63
2013
11.12
13.55
2014
11.70
15.10
Hospital control
< 0.0001
Government
17.20
13.80
For-Profit
15.29
13.38
Non-Profit
67.51
72.82
Hospital teaching/location
< 0.0001
Urban, non-teaching
77.33
78.96
Rural, non-teaching
8.46
7.53
Urban, teaching
14.21
13.51
Hospital licensed bed size
< 0.0001
1 to 49 beds
3.32
2.41
50 to 99 beds
4.86
4.76
100 to 149 beds
9.96
9.50
150 to 199 beds
12.43
13.26
200 to 299 beds
20.01
22.21
300 to 499 beds
35.24
35.30
500+ beds
14.20
12.56
Hospital system status
< 0.0001
In system of 3+ hospitals
57.06
61.52
Not in a system
42.94
38.48
DSH status
< 0.0001
DSH hospital
35.71
34.07
Non-DSH hospital
64.29
65.93
Hospital Kaiser Permanente status
< 0.0001
Non-Kaiser
86.86
80.93
Kaiser
13.14
19.07
Pre-disposing+
Age group
< 0.0001
0 to 17 years
2.46
1.06
18 to 64 years
53.11
50.74
65 years and greater
7.90
4.84
Unknown
36.53
43.36
Sex
< 0.0001
Male
27.43
23.07
Female
32.65
31.12
Unknown
39.92
45.81
Race
< 0.0001
White
35.33
29.38
Non-White
18.91
20.28
Unknown
45.76
50.34
Ethnicity
< 0.0001
Hispanic
19.17
16.19
Non-Hispanic
32.71
31.74
Unknown
48.11
52.07
Age group
< 0.0001
0 to 17 years
4.07
2.87
18 to 64 years
83.39
86.74
65 years and greater
12.54
10.39
Sex+
< 0.0001
Male
43.24
41.32
Female
56.76
58.68
Race
< 0.0001
White
63.65
60.56
Non-white
36.35
39.44
Ethnicity
< 0.0001
Hispanic
37.96
36.39
Non-Hispanic
62.04
63.61
Predisposing-vulnerable domain
CCS 651 anxiety disorders
< 0.0001
Yes
3.10
5.03
No
96.90
94.97
CCS 652 attention-deficit, conduct, and disruptive behavior disorders
< 0.0001
Yes
0.24
0.70
No
99.76
99.30
CCS 657 mood disorders
< 0.0001
Yes
2.85
6.16
No
97.15
93.84
CCS 659 schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
< 0.0001
Yes
1.02
1.12
No
98.98
98.88
CCS 662 suicide and intentional self-inflicted injury
< 0.0001
Yes
0.69
0.55
No
99.31
99.45
Enabling
Payer source
< 0.0001
Self-pay
16.38
12.66
Medicare
10.35
8.60
Medicaid
27.95
34.87
Private insurance
38.55
38.59
Other government
3.48
2.27
Other
3.30
3.01
Need
Asthma as a primary diagnosis
< 0.0001
Yes
0.00
33.93
No
100.00
66.07
Outcome
Discharge status
< 0.0001
Routine/home
93.95
96.00
Admitted to inpatient
2.06
1.66
Left against medical advice
2.23
1.09
Died
0.17
0.06
Court/law enforcement
0.18
0.14
Other, such as long-term care
1.40
1.05
CCS: Clinical Classification Software; ED: emergency department; DSH: Disproportionate Share Hospital; *: comparisons are for groups, not individual levels; +: imputed demographics based on averages of 961 million records
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval for this study was obtained by the Loma Linda University Health Institutional Review Board which determined that this was not human subjects research (IRB# 5240531).
Consent to participate
The informed consent to participate in this study was exempted by Loma Linda University Health Institutional Review Board due to analyzing public-use data.
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