Table Info

Table 3.

Multivariate odds of a California ED visit having an asthma diagnosis (regression using 10× imputed dataset, i.e. n = 961,801,760)

Variable	AOR	95% CI	p-value
Context
Year of visit
2005 (ref.)
2006	0.85	(0.85, 0.86)	< 0.0001
2007	0.86	(0.86, 0.86)	< 0.0001
2008	0.89	(0.89, 0.89)	< 0.0001
2009	0.97	(0.96, 0.97)	< 0.0001
2010	1.06	(1.06, 1.06)	< 0.0001
2011	1.12	(1.12, 1.12)	< 0.0001
2012	1.16	(1.15,1.16)	< 0.0001
2013	1.19	(1.19, 1.19)	< 0.0001
2014	1.22	(1.21, 1.22)	< 0.0001
Patient three-digit zip code
Los Angeles (ref.)
Richmond	1.22	(1.20, 1.24)	< 0.0001
Bakersfield	1.21	(1.19, 1.24)	< 0.0001
San Bernardino	1.20	(1.19, 1.22)	< 0.0001
Oakland	1.17	(1.16, 1.19)	< 0.0001
Palo Alto	1.14	(1.11, 1.17)	< 0.0001
Oakland vicinity	1.11	(1.09, 1.12)	< 0.0001
Ventura	1.08	(1.06, 1.11)	< 0.0001
Mojave	1.08	(1.06, 1.10)	< 0.0001
Sacramento	1.07	(1.05, 1.08)	< 0.0001
Fresno	1.07	(1.05, 1.09)	< 0.0001
Bakersfield vicinity	1.06	(1.04, 1.07)	< 0.0001
Berkeley	1.05	(1.03, 1.07)	< 0.0001
San Francisco	1.05	(1.03, 1.06)	< 0.0001
San Jose	1.04	(1.03, 1.06)	< 0.0001
San Bernardino vicinity	1.04	(1.03, 1.05)	< 0.0001
Stockton North	1.04	(1.02, 1.06)	< 0.0001
San Diego	1.04	(1.03, 1.05)	< 0.0001
San Francisco South	1.03	(1.02, 1.05)	< 0.0001
Long Beach	1.03	(1.01, 1.04)	< 0.0001
Inglewood	1.02	(1.01, 1.04)	0.0041
Eureka	1.02	(0.99, 1.06)	0.195
Van Nuys	1.02	(1.00, 1.03)	0.0526
San Diego South	1.02	(1.00, 1.03)	0.0529
Santa Barbara	1.01	(0.98, 1.05)	0.4907
San Mateo	1.01	(0.98, 1.03)	0.5338
San Rafael	1.01	(0.99, 1.03)	0.4707
Sacramento vicinity 1	1.01	(1.00, 1.02)	0.2251
Van Nuys vicinity	1.00	(0.99, 1.01)	0.7977
Sacramento east/vicinity 2	1.00	(0.98, 1.02)	0.9604
Riverside	1.00	(0.99, 1.01)	0.7456
Santa Monica	1.00	(0.97, 1.02)	0.8119
Pasadena	0.99	(0.97, 1.01)	0.521
Alhambra vicinity	0.99	(0.98, 1.00)	0.0147
Stockton South	0.99	(0.97, 1.00)	0.0955
Hollywood	0.98	(0.96, 1.00)	0.0292
San Jose vicinity	0.98	(0.97, 1.00)	0.014
Pasadena vicinity	0.98	(0.96, 1.00)	0.0219
Indio	0.97	(0.96, 0.99)	0.0014
Whittier	0.97	(0.96, 0.98)	< 0.0001
Burbank	0.97	(0.94, 0.99)	0.0078
Long Beach vicinity	0.96	(0.95, 0.98)	< 0.0001
Redding	0.96	(0.94, 0.99)	0.0118
San Diego North	0.96	(0.95, 0.98)	< 0.0001
Alhambra	0.96	(0.93, 0.99)	0.0062
Santa Rosa	0.95	(0.93, 0.97)	< 0.0001
Marysville	0.95	(0.93, 0.97)	< 0.0001
Inglewood vicinity	0.95	(0.94, 0.96)	< 0.0001
Reno (NV)	0.95	(0.91, 0.98)	0.0041
Fresno vicinity	0.95	(0.93, 0.96)	< 0.0001
Salinas	0.92	(0.89, 0.95)	< 0.0001
San Luis Obispo	0.92	(0.89, 0.95)	< 0.0001
Outside of California	0.92	(0.91, 0.93)	< 0.0001
Torrance	0.90	(0.88, 0.92)	< 0.0001
Anaheim	0.89	(0.88, 0.90)	< 0.0001
Santa Ana vicinity	0.86	(0.85, 0.87)	< 0.0001
Glendale	0.85	(0.84, 0.87)	< 0.0001
Santa Ana	0.83	(0.82, 0.84)	< 0.0001
Homeless/unknown	0.79	(0.78, 0.79)	< 0.0001
Hospital control
Government	1.08	(1.07, 1.10)	< 0.0001
For-Profit	0.94	(0.93, 0.94)	< 0.0001
Non-Profit (ref.)
Hospital teaching/location
Urban, non-teaching (ref.)
Rural, non-teaching	0.88	(0.87, 0.89)	< 0.0001
Urban, teaching	1.21	(1.20, 1.22)	< 0.0001
Hospital licensed bed size
1 to 49 beds	0.65	(0.63, 0.66)	< 0.0001
50 to 99 beds	0.98	(0.97, 0.99)	< 0.0001
100 to 149 beds	1.14	(1.13, 1.15)	< 0.0001
150 to 199 beds	1.27	(1.26, 1.28)	< 0.0001
200 to 299 beds	1.11	(1.10, 1.12)	< 0.0001
300 to 499 beds	0.95	(0.94, 0.96)	< 0.0001
500+ beds (ref.)
Hospital system status
In system of 3+ hospitals	1.15	(1.15, 1.16)	< 0.0001
Not in a system (ref.)
DSH status
DSH hospital	1.01	(1.00, 1.01)	0.0001
Non-DSH hospital (ref.)
Hospital Kaiser Permanente status
Non-Kaiser (ref.)
Kaiser	1.14	(1.11, 1.17)	< 0.0001
Pre-disposing
Sex
Male	0.98	(0.98, 0.99)	< 0.0001
Female (ref.)
Age group
0 to 17 years	0.80	(0.80, 0.81)	< 0.0001
18 to 64 years (ref.)
65 years and greater	1.00	(1.00, 1.00)	0.7542
Race
White (ref.)
Non-White	1.04	(1.04, 1.05)	< 0.0001
Ethnicity
Hispanic	0.95	(0.95, 0.95)	< 0.0001
Non-Hispanic (ref.)
Predisposing-vulnerable domain (any versus no diagnosis)
Anxiety disorders	1.14	(1.14, 1.15)	< 0.0001
Attention-deficit, conduct, and disruptive behavior disorders	1.41	(1.40, 1.42)	< 0.0001
Mood disorders	1.37	(1.36, 1.37)	< 0.0001
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders	0.96	(0.96, 0.97)	< 0.0001
Suicide and intentional self-inflicted injury	0.72	(0.71, 0.72)	< 0.0001
Enabling
Payer source
Self-pay	0.87	(0.86, 0.87)	< 0.0001
Medicare	0.98	(0.98, 0.99)	< 0.0001
Medicaid	1.31	(1.31, 1.31)	< 0.0001
Private insurance (ref.)
Other government	0.76	(0.75, 0.76)	< 0.0001
Other	1.15	(1.14, 1.15)	< 0.0001

Regression using 10× imputed dataset, i.e. n = 961,801,760. The model also includes dummy variables to represent 349 unique hospitals. AOR: adjusted odds ratio; DSH: Disproportionate Share Hospital; CI: confidence interval

Declarations

Author contributions

JEB: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. ICE: Writing—review & editing. CG: Writing—review & editing. MW: Writing—review & editing. JMB: Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for this study was obtained by the Loma Linda University Health Institutional Review Board which determined that this was not human subjects research (IRB# 5240531).

Consent to participate

The informed consent to participate in this study was exempted by Loma Linda University Health Institutional Review Board due to analyzing public-use data.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Public-use data is no longer available. Confidential emergency department data for California may be obtained at: https://hcai.ca.gov/data-and-reports/research-data-request-information/#patient-discharge-data-pdd

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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