Table Info

Table 1.

Synthesis of the studies evaluated in terms of apple intake on the lipid profile of adult individuals with dyslipidemia

Author/Year/Country	Study design	Objective	Participants	Health status	Intervention	Main results
Tenore et al. [28], 2017, Italy	Randomized, single-blind, clinical trial	To evaluate the effects of daily consumption of Annurca apple for 8 weeks on plasma TC, LDL-c and HDL-c in healthy, mildly hypercholesterolemic human subjects.	Adults Men and women 18 years to 83 years n = 250	Healthy and slightly elevated cholesterol	Protocol: 1 apple a day Duration: 8 weeks	↓ TC and LDL-c ↑ HDL-c and TG
Chai et al. [27], 2012, United States of America	Randomized, controlled, unblinded clinical trial	To evaluate the effect of dried apple versus dried plum consumption on reducing CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women.	Adults Women 50 years to 55 years n = 160	Postmenopausal	Protocol: 75 g/day of dried apple Duration: 12 months	↓ TC and LDL-c ↑ HDL-c and ↓ TG
Koutsos et al. [25], 2020, United Kingdom	Randomized, controlled, crossover clinical trial	To determine the effects of apple consumption on circulating lipids, vascular function and other CVD risk markers.	Adults Men and women 29 years to 69 years n = 43	Mild hypercholesterolemia	Protocol: 2 apples a day Duration: 8 weeks	↓ Serum cholesterol and LDL-c ↓ TG There were no differences in concentration of HDL-c
Vafa et al. [29], 2011, Iran	Randomized, controlled cinical trial	To verify the effect of Golden Delicious apple on the lipid profile in hyperlipidemic and overweight men.	Adults Men 18 years to 41 years n = 46	Hyperlipidemic and overweight	Protocol: 300 g of Golden Delicious apple a day Duration: 8 weeks	Apple consumption did not change lipid profile in overweight men
Ravn-Haren et al. [26], 2013, Denmark	Randomized, single-blind, crossover clinical trial	To investigate the effect of the consumption of whole apples and processed apple fractions for four weeks on plasma lipids, bile acid excretion, blood pressure and other CVD risk factors.	Adults Men and women 18 years to 69 years n = 23	Healthy individuals	Protocol: 550 g of fresh apple a day Duration: 4 weeks	↓ TC There was no difference in LDL-c concentration between the placebo group and the apple group

↓: decrease; ↑: increase

Supplementary materials

The supplementary material for this article is available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101022_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

LMdF: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Visualization. LAAdS: Methodology, Investigation, Visualization. MAFdA: Investigation, Visualization. NVdNM: Investigation, Validation. MGSP: Visualization, Writing—original draft. VRM: Visualization, Writing—original draft. JLM: Writing—review and editing. ML: Writing—review & editing. AD: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. DDRA: Writing—review and editing. MdCdCeM: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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