Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different novel extraction methods

Extraction methodAdvantagesDisadvantagesReference
UAE-Reduction of energy, time, and solvent consumption;
-Safe, does not produce toxic compounds;
-Higher penetration of solvent into cellular material and enhanced release in the medium.		-Increasing temperature by cavitation;
-Mechanical forces generated by shockwaves and micro-streaming;
-High power consumption;
-Difficult to scale up.		[136]
MAE-Reduced extraction time;
-The use of fewer chemical solutions.		-The need for special equipment;
-Low selectivity;
-Unavoidable reaction in high temperature.		[137]
PEF-Short processing time;
-Increased efficiency;
-Reduced energy input;
-Preservation of the structure;
-Higher quality of the end products.		-Dependence on the conductivity of the matrix composition;
-High cost of the equipment.		[138]
PLE-Faster processes;
-Less volume or organic solvent;
-The possibility of automation;
-Higher extraction yields.		-Higher initial investment cost and maintenance.[139]
HVED-Simplicity of the HVED design;
-Low power requirements reduce capital and operating costs;
-It can be used to treat both solid and liquid foods.		-A large number of free radicals would be produced which leads to oxidative cell damage;
-The produced radicals may also oxidize the target compounds and consequently decrease the yield.		[140]
EAE-Shorter extraction time with a high percentage of oil recovery;
-Simplicity of process;
-Cost-effectiveness.		-Enzymes are relatively expensive for large industrial production;
-Available enzymes cannot break down the plant cell walls completely;
-Enzyme-assisted extraction is not always feasible to be applied on an industrial scale because enzymes’ behavior is limited by environmental conditions rigidly.		[137]
SFE-Green extraction technique;
-No need for organic solvent, maintain the quality of the final product;
-Low operating temperatures (40°–80°C);
-Very effective because of its low viscosity and high diffusivity;
-Fast and high yield.		-No polar substances are extracted;
-High power consumption;
-The high cost of both the equipment and the supercritical fluid.		[136]
SWE-Extraction solvent (water) is green, cheap, and readily available;
-High selectivity (polar, moderately polar, low-polar, and non-polar compounds);
-Short extraction time and high efficiency.		-Dehydration or evaporation is needed;
-Thermal degradation may occur at higher temperatures.		[141]
HHP-High pressure is not related to time/mass;
-Does not break covalent bonds, so, the natural flavor of the products maintains.		-Food enzymes and bacterial spores are very resistant to pressure and very high pressure is required for their inactivation.[136]