Table Info

Table 1.

Literature on the association between nutrients and dietary patterns on male fertility

Nutrient	Species	Studies	Dose and duration	Conclusions	References
Dietary pattern
Mediterranean diet	Human	Cross-sectional study	2 months	A healthy dietary pattern improved the semen quality, reproductive hormone level, and testicular volume of men.	[50]
Antioxidant nutrient		Case-control study	2 years	The finding showed that adherence to antioxidant nutrients was inversely associated with asthenozoospermia.	[51]
Healthy diet		Cross-sectional study	3 years	The healthy diet intake improved the semen quality parameters.	[52]
Proteins
Soy product	Human	Prospective cohort study	2004–2014	Soy food intake was not linked with the clinical outcome of infertility.	[53]
Dietary fats
Omega-3 fatty acid	Human	Cross-sectional study	1 year	Trans fatty acids (TFA) are related to reduced fertility, whereas the omega-3 fatty acid was found protective against testicular volume.	[54]
Nut consumption	Human	Randomized control trial	14 weeks	The inclusion of nuts significantly improved the total sperm count and vitality, motility, and sperm morphology.	[55]
Carbohydrate
Low glycaemic food	Human	Cross-sectional study	2008–2013	The low glycaemic food might have a positive impact on total sperm motility, progressive motility, and normal sperm morphology.	[56]
Antioxidants
Lycopene	Human	Randomized control trial	25 mg/day for 12 weeks	The lycopene supplement improved the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress.	[57]
Lycopene	Human	Randomized control trial	10 mg twice a day for 12 weeks	Lycopene helped to decrease the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE).	[58]
Vitamin C	Human	Randomized control trial	1 gm/day for 2 months	Vitamin C supplementation improved semen agglutination and increased viability.	[59]
Vitamin C	Human	Randomized control trial	1 gm every other day for 6 months	The supplementation of vitamin C improved sperm concentration and motility.	[60]
Vitamin E	Albino Wistar rats	Randomized control trial	500 mg/kg body weight, 3 times a week for 2 weeks	The testicular damage caused by the aluminum was diminished when supplemented with vitamin E.	[61]
Vitamin E	Human	Clinical trial	200 mg/day for three months	Supplementation of vitamin E decreased malondialdehyde levels and increased fertilization rates.	[62]

Declarations

Author contributions

LS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. DS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Fisher JR, Hammarberg K. Psychological and social aspects of infertility in men: an overview of the evidence and implications for psychologically informed clinical care and future research. Asian J Androl. 2012;14:121–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Male Infertility Best Practice Policy Committee of the American Urological Association; Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Report on optimal evaluation of the infertile male. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:S202–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

Alam N. Male factor infertility-basics revisited. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19:205–6. [PubMed]

Defining Infertility [Internet]. Washington: American Society for Reproductive Medicine; © 1996–2024 [cited 2019 May 6]. Available from: https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/fact-sheets-and-infographics/defining-infertility/

Dutta S, Majzoub A, Agarwal A. Oxidative stress and sperm function: a systematic review on evaluation and management. Arab J Urol. 2019;17:87–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

MacLeod J. The role of oxygen in the metabolism and motility of human spermatozoa. Am J Physiol Legacy Content. 1943;138:512–8. [DOI]

Villaverde AI, Netherton J, Baker MA. From past to present: the link between reactive oxygen species in sperm and male infertility. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8:616. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Smits RM, Mackenzie‐Proctor R, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, Jordan V, Showell MG. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3:CD007411. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Klonoff-Cohen H, Natarajan L. The concerns during assisted reproductive technologies (CART) scale and pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:982–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Gollenberg AL, Liu F, Brazil C, Drobnis EZ, Guzick D, Overstreet JW, et al. Semen quality in fertile men in relation to psychosocial stress. Fertil Steril. 2010;93:1104–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Corona G, Giagulli VA, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L, Aversa A, Zitzmann M, et al. Testosterone supplementation and body composition: results from a meta-analysis study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39:967–81. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Barnea ER, Tal J. Stress-related reproductive failure. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transfer. 1991;8:15–23. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

McGrady AV. Effects of psychological stress on male reproduction: a review. Arch Androl. 1984;13:1–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Negro‐Vilar A, Johnston C, Spinedi E, Valença M, Lopez F. Physiological role of peptides and amines on the regulation of ACTH secretion. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;512:218–36. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Plotsky PM, Cunningham Jr ET, Widmaier EP. Catecholaminergic modulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin secretion. Endocr Rev. 1989;10:437–58. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Axelrod J, Reisine TD. Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation. Science. 1984;224:452–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Dubey AK, Plant TM. A suppression of gonadotropin secretion by cortisol in castrated male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) mediated by the interruption of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release. Biol Reprod. 1985;33:423–31. [DOI] [PubMed]

19.

Berga SL, Mortola JF, Girton L, Suh B, Laughlin G, Pham P, et al. Neuroendocrine aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:301–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Biller BM, Federoff HJ, Koenig JI, Klibanski A. Abnormal cortisol secretion and responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70:311–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

21.

Wright J, Allard M, Lecours A, Sabourin S. Psychosocial distress and infertility: a review of controlled research. Int J Fertil. 1989;34:126–42. [PubMed]

22.

Sachar EJ, Hellman L, Roffwarg HP, Halpern FS, Fukushima DK, Gallagher TF. Disrupted 24-hour patterns of cortisol secretion in psychotic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28:19–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Quigley ME, Sheehan KL, Casper RF, Yen SS. Evidence for increased dopaminergic and opioid activity in patients with hypothalamic hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980;50:949–54. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Vigersky RA, Andersen AE, Thompson RH, Loriaux DL. Hypothalamic dysfunction in secondary amenorrhea associated with simple weight loss. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:1141–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Pirke KM, Schweiger U, Lemmel W, Krieg JC, Berger M. The influence of dieting on the menstrual cycle of healthy young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;60:1174–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Cumming DC, Rebar RW. Exercise and reproductive function in women. Am J Ind Med. 1983;4:113–25. [PubMed]

27.

Seifer DB, Collins RL. Current concepts of β‐endorphin physiology in female reproductive dysfunction. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1991;36:261. [DOI]

28.

Woods‐Giscombé CL, Lobel M, Crandell JL. The impact of miscarriage and parity on patterns of maternal distress in pregnancy. Res Nurs Health. 2010;33:316–28. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Bergner A, Beyer R, Klapp BF, Rauchfuss M. Pregnancy after early pregnancy loss: a prospective study of anxiety, depressive symptomatology and coping. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;29:105–13. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Anderson K, Nisenblat V, Norman R. Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment–a review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;50:8–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Negro-Vilar A. Stress and other environmental factors affecting fertility in men and women: overview. Environ Health Perspect. 1993;101:59–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Aono T, Kurachi K, Mizutani S, Hamanaka Y, Uozumi T, Nakasima A, et al. Influence of major surgical stress on plasma levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in male patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972;35:535–42. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Chen Y, Wang Q, Wang FF, Gao HB, Zhang P. Stress induces glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis of rat Leydig cells in vivo. Stress. 2012;15:74–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Yazawa H, Sasagawa I, Nakada T. Apoptosis of testicular germ cells induced by exogenous glucocorticoid in rats. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:1917–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Nordkap L, Almstrup K, Nielsen JE, Bang AK, Priskorn L, Krause M, et al. Possible involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR 3C1) and selected NR3C1 gene variants in regulation of human testicular function. Andrology. 2017;5:1105–14. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Panek M, Pietras T, Fabijan A, Zioło J, Wieteska Ł, Małachowska B, et al. The NR3C1 glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms may modulate the TGF-beta mRNA expression in asthma patients. Inflammation. 2015;38:1479–92. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Ragni G, Caccamo A. Negative effect of stress of in vitro fertilization program on quality of semen. Acta Eur Fertil. 1992;23:21–3. [PubMed]

38.

Vellani E, Colasante A, Mamazza L, Minasi MG, Greco E, Bevilacqua A. Association of state and trait anxiety to semen quality of in vitro fertilization patients: a controlled study. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:1565–72.e2. [DOI] [PubMed]

39.

Gürhan N, Atici D, Akyüz A, Kisa S. Association of depression and anxiety with oocyte and sperm numbers and pregnancy outcomes during in vitro fertilization treatment. Psychol Rep. 2009;104:796–806. [DOI] [PubMed]

40.

Pook M, Tuschen‐Caffier B, Kubek J, Schill WB, Krause W. Personality, coping and sperm count. Andrologia. 2005;37:29–35. [DOI] [PubMed]

41.

42.

Rossi BV, Abusief M, Missmer SA. Modifiable risk factors and infertility: what are the connections? Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;10:220–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Connor KL, Beltrand J, Meaney MJ, Sloboda DM. Nature, nurture or nutrition? Impact of maternal nutrition on maternal care, offspring development and reproductive function. J Physiol. 2012;590:2167–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

44.

Batra N, Nehru B, Bansal MP. Reproductive potential of male Portan rats exposed to various levels of lead with regard to zinc status. Br J Nutr. 2004;91:387–91. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Lioret MS, Crawford D, Spence AC, Hesketh K, Campbell KJ. Parents’ dietary patterns are significantly correlated: findings from the Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial Program. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:518–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

46.

Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, et al. Food intake and its relationship with semen quality: a casecontrol study. Fert Stert. 2009;91:812–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

47.

Gaskins AJ, Colaci DS, Mendiola J, Swan SH, Chavarro JE. Dietary patterns and semen quality in young men. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:2899–907. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

48.

Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Sobala W, Radwan P, Bochenek M, Hanke W. Dietary patterns and their relationship with semen quality. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12:575–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Karayiannis D, Kontogianni MD, Mendorou C, Douka L, Mastrominas M, Yiannakouris N. Association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and semen quality parameters in male partners of couples attempting fertility. Hum Reprod. 2017;32:215–22. [DOI] [PubMed]

50.

Cutillas-Tolín A, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Mendiola J, López-Espín JJ, Jørgensen N, Navarrete-Muñoz EM, et al. Mediterranean and western dietary patterns are related to markers of testicular function among healthy men. Hum Reprod. 2015;30:2945–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Eslamian G, Amirjannati N, Rashidkhani B, Sadeghi MR, Hekmatdoost A. Nutrient patterns and asthenozoospermia: a case–control study. Andrologia. 2017;49:e12624. [DOI] [PubMed]

52.

Danielewicz A, Przybyłowicz KE, Przybyłowicz M. Dietary patterns and poor semen quality risk in men: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2018;10:1162. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

53.

Mínguez‐Alarcón L, Afeiche MC, Chiu YH, Vanegas JC, Williams PL, Tanrikut C, et al. Male soy food intake was not associated with in vitro fertilization outcomes among couples attending a fertility center. Andrology. 2015;3:702–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

54.

Mínguez-Alarcón L, Chavarro JE, Mendiola J, Roca M, Tanrikut C, Vioque J, et al. Fatty acid intake in relation to reproductive hormones and testicular volume among young healthy men. Asian J Androl. 2017;19:184–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

55.

Salas-Huetos A, Moraleda R, Giardina S, Anton E, Blanco J, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Effect of nut consumption on semen quality and functionality in healthy men consuming a Western-style diet: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108:953–62. [DOI] [PubMed]

56.

Liu CY, Chou YC, Chao JC, Hsu CY, Cha TL, Tsao CW. The association between dietary patterns and semen quality in a general Asian population of 7282 males. PloS One. 2015;10:e0134224. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

57.

Nouri M, Amani R, Nasr‐Esfahani M, Tarrahi MJ. The effects of lycopene supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2019;33:3203–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

58.

Oborna I, Malickova K, Fingerova H, Brezinova J, Horka P, Novotny J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of lycopene treatment on soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in seminal and blood plasma of normospermic men. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2011;66:179–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

59.

Dawson EB, Harris WA, Powell LC. Relationship between ascorbic acid and male fertility. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1990;62:1–26. [DOI] [PubMed]

60.

Rafiee B, Morowvat MH, Rahimi-Ghalati N. Comparing the effectiveness of dietary vitamin C and exercise interventions on fertility parameters in normal obese men. Urol J. 2016;13:2635–9. [PubMed]

61.

Kutlubay R, Oğuz EO, Can B, Güven MC, Sinik Z, Tuncay ÖL. Vitamin E protection from testicular damage caused by intraperitoneal aluminium. Int J Toxicol. 2007;26:297–306. [DOI] [PubMed]

62.

Geva E, Bartoov B, Zabludovsky N, Lessing JB, Lerner-Geva L, Amit A. The effect of antioxidant treatment on human spermatozoa and fertilization rate in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril. 1996;66:430–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

63.

Braga DP, Halpern G, Rita de Cássia SF, Setti AS, Iaconelli Jr A, Borges Jr E. Food intake and social habits in male patients and its relationship to intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:53–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

64.

Eslamian G, Amirjannati N, Rashidkhani B, Sadeghi MR, Hekmatdoost A. Intake of food groups and idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a case–control study. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:3328–36. [DOI] [PubMed]

65.

Swan SH, Liu F, Overstreet JW, Brazil C, Skakkebaek NE. Semen quality of fertile US males in relation to their mothers’ beef consumption during pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1497–502. [DOI] [PubMed]

66.

Vujkovic M, de Vries JH, Dohle GR, Bonsel GJ, Lindemans J, Macklon NS, et al. Associations between dietary patterns and semen quality in men undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment. Hum Reprod. 2009;24:1304–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

67.

Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Sadio SM, Hauser R. Soy food and isoflavone intake in relation to semen quality parameters among men from an infertility clinic. Hum Reprod. 2008;23:2584–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

68.

Song G, Kochman L, Andolina E, Herko RC, Brewer KJ, Lewis V. O-115: beneficial effects of dietary intake of plant phytoestrogens on semen parameters and sperm DNA integrity in infertile men. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:S49. [DOI]

69.

Lenzi A, Gandini L, Maresca V, Rago R, Sgro P, Dondero F, et al. Fatty acid composition of spermatozoa and immature germ cells. Mol Hum Reprod. 2000;6:226–31. [DOI] [PubMed]

70.

Conquer JA, Martin JB, Tummon I, Watson L, Tekpetey F. Fatty acid analysis of blood serum, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa of normozoospermic vs. asthernozoospermic males. Lipids. 1999;34:793–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

71.

Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY, Dadkhah F, Asgari MA. Relationship of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with semen characteristics, and anti-oxidant status of seminal plasma: a comparison between fertile and infertile men. Clin Nutr. 2010;29:100–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

72.

Eslamian G, Amirjannati N, Rashidkhani B, Sadeghi MR, Hekmatdoost A. Effects of combined supplementation with vitamin E and docosahexaenoic acid on oxidative stress markers in seminal plasma in asthenozoospermic men. Pajoohandeh Journal. 2013;18:222–31.

73.

Bisht S, Faiq M, Tolahunase M, Dada R. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2017;14:470–85. [DOI] [PubMed]

74.

Li MC, Chiu YH, Gaskins AJ, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Nassan FL, Williams PL, et al. Men’s intake of vitamin C and β-carotene is positively related to fertilization rate but not to live birth rate in couples undergoing infertility treatment. J Nutr. 2019;149:1977–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

75.

Majzoub A, Agarwal A. Systematic review of antioxidant types and doses in male infertility: benefits on semen parameters, advanced sperm function, assisted reproduction and live-birth rate. Arab J Urol. 2018;16:113–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Ahmadi S, Bashiri R, Ghadiri-Anari A, Nadjarzadeh A. Antioxidant supplements and semen parameters: an evidence based review. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2016;14:729–36. [PubMed] [PMC]

77.

Banihani SA. Vitamin B12 and semen quality. Biomolecules. 2017;7:42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

78.

Bolle P, Evandri MG, Saso L. The controversial efficacy of vitamin E for human male infertility. Contraception. 2002;65:313–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

79.

Bosdou JK, Konstantinidou E, Anagnostis P, Kolibianakis EM, Goulis DG. Vitamin D and obesity: two interacting players in the field of infertility. Nutrients. 2019;11:1455. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

80.

Abel BJ, Carswell G, Elton R, Hargreave TB, Kyle K, Orr S, et al. Randomised trial of clomiphene citrate treatment and vitamin C for male infertility. Br J Urol. 1982;54:780–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

81.

Aitken RJ, Buckingham DW, Fang HG. Analysis of the responses of human spermatozoa to A23187 employing a novel technique for assessing the acrosome reaction. J Androl. 1993;14:132–41. [PubMed]

82.

Fallah A, Mohammad-Hasani A, Colagar AH. Zinc is an essential element for male fertility: a review of Zn roles in men’s health, germination, sperm quality, and fertilization. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19:69–81. [PubMed] [PMC]

83.

Camejo MI, Abdala L, Vivas-Acevedo G, Lozano-Hernández R, Angeli-Greaves M, Greaves ED. Selenium, copper and zinc in seminal plasma of men with varicocele, relationship with seminal parameters. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;143:1247–54. [DOI] [PubMed]

84.

Ricci E, Noli S, Ferrari S, La Vecchia I, Cipriani S, De Cosmi V, et al. Alcohol intake and semen variables: cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study of men referring to an Italian Fertility Clinic. Andrology. 2018;6:690–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

85.

Amor H, Hammadeh ME, Mohd I, Jankowski PM. Impact of heavy alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on sperm DNA integrity. Andrologia. 2022;54:e14434. [DOI] [PubMed]

86.

Toledo E, Lopez-del Burgo C, Ruiz-Zambrana A, Donazar M, Navarro-Blasco Í, Martínez-González MA, et al. Dietary patterns and difficulty conceiving: a nested case–control study. Fertil Steril. 2011;96:1149–53. [DOI] [PubMed]

87.

Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC. Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:1050–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

88.

Karayiannis D, Kontogianni MD, Mendorou C, Mastrominas M, Yiannakouris N. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IVF success rate among non-obese women attempting fertility. Hum Reprod. 2018;33:494–502. [DOI] [PubMed]

89.

Garruti G, Depalo R, De Angelis M. Weighing the impact of diet and lifestyle on female reproductive function. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26:3584–92. [DOI] [PubMed]

90.

Gaskins AJ, Sundaram R, Buck Louis GM, Chavarro JE. Seafood intake, sexual activity, and time to pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:2680–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

91.

Kim K, Wactawski-Wende J, Michels KA, Plowden TC, Chaljub EN, Sjaarda LA, et al. Dairy food intake is associated with reproductive hormones and sporadic anovulation among healthy premenopausal women. J Nutr. 2017;147:218–26. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

92.

Souter I, Chiu YH, Batsis M, Afeiche MC, Williams PL, Hauser R, et al.; EARTH Study Team. The association of protein intake (amount and type) with ovarian antral follicle counts among infertile women: results from the EARTH prospective study cohort. BJOG. 2017;124:1547–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

93.

Wise LA, Wesselink AK, Tucker KL, Saklani S, Mikkelsen EM, Cueto H, et al. Dietary fat intake and fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187:60–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

94.

Gaskins AJ, Chiu YH, Williams PL, Keller MG, Toth TL, Hauser R, et al.; EARTH Study Team. Maternal whole grain intake and outcomes of in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2016;105:1503–10.e4. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

95.

Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Jordan V, Hart RJ. Antioxidants for female subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;8:CD007807. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

96.

Cueto HT, Riis AH, Hatch EE, Wise LA, Rothman KJ, Sørensen HT, et al. Folic acid supplementation and fecundability: a Danish prospective cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70:66–71. [DOI] [PubMed]

97.

Mioni R, Chiarelli S, Xamin N, Zuliani L, Granzotto M, Mozzanega B, et al. Evidence for the presence of glucose transporter 4 in the endometrium and its regulation in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4089–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

98.

Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC. A prospective study of dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to risk of ovulatory infertility. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63:78–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

99.

Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC. Protein intake and ovulatory infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:210.e1–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

100.

Mumford SL, Alohali A, Wactawski-Wende J. Dietary protein intake and reproductive hormones and ovulation: the BioCycle study. Fertil Steril. 2015;104:e2. [DOI]

101.

Hohos NM, Skaznik-Wikiel ME. High-fat diet and female fertility. Endocrinology. 2017;158:2407–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

102.

Wathes DC, Abayasekara DR, Aitken RJ. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male and female reproduction. Biol Reprod. 2007;77:190–201. [DOI] [PubMed]

103.

Al-Safi ZA, Liu H, Carlson NE, Chosich J, Harris M, Bradford AP, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation lowers serum FSH in normal weight but not obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:324–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

104.

Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner B, Willett WC. A prospective study of dairy foods intake and anovulatory infertility. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1340–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

105.

Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J. 2012;5:9–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

106.

Mayne ST, Wright ME, Cartmel B. Assessment of antioxidant nutrient intake and status for epidemiologic research. J Nutr. 2004;134:3199S–200S. [DOI]

107.

Wu X, Iguchi T, Itoh N, Okamoto K, Takagi T, Tanaka K, et al. Ascorbic acid transported by sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 stimulates steroidogenesis in human choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology. 2008;149:73–83. [DOI] [PubMed]

108.

Vural P, Akgül C, Yildirim A, Canbaz M. Antioxidant defence in recurrent abortion. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;295:169–77. [DOI] [PubMed]

109.

Lerchbaum E, Rabe T. Vitamin D and female fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;26:145–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

110.

Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC. Use of multivitamins, intake of B vitamins, and risk of ovulatory infertility. Fertil Steril. 2008;89:668–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

111.

Buhling KJ, Grajecki D. The effect of micronutrient supplements on female fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;25:173–80. [DOI] [PubMed]

112.

Bawa R, Tyagi S. Correlation of microelements like plasma copper and zinc concentrations with female infertility. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017;6:2351–3. [DOI]

113.

Qazi IH, Angel C, Yang H, Pan B, Zoidis E, Zeng CJ, et al. Selenium, selenoproteins, and female reproduction: a review. Molecules. 2018;23:3053. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

114.

Mills JL, Louis GB, Kannan K, Weck J, Wan Y, Maisog J, et al. Delayed conception in women with low-urinary iodine concentrations: a population-based prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2018;33:426–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

115.

Hamilton KP, Zelig R, Parker AR, Haggag A. Insulin resistance and serum magnesium concentrations among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3:nzz108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

116.

Aoun A, El Khoury V, Malakieh R. Can nutrition help in the treatment of infertility? Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2021;26:109–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]