Table Info

Table 1.

Summary of included studies

Study ID	Design/sample	Intervention	Findings	Conclusion
Li et al. [20]	A 12-week randomized clinical trial Sample: 60 overweight or obese patients newly diagnosed with T2D KD: n = 30 Control group: n = 30	For the KD group: carbohydrate 30–50 g, protein 60 g, fat 130 g, and total calories 1500 ± 50 kcal For the control group: carbohydrate 250–280 g, protein 60 g, fat 20 g, total calories 1500 ± 50 kcal	For the two groups, the BMI, TG, waist, weight, HbA1c, FINS, TC, FBG, HDL, and LDL were reduced following the intervention (P < 0.05). Blood glucose, blood lipid, and body mass drop rates in the KD group were substantially greater than in the control group (P < 0.05)	In patients with T2D who are obese or overweight, a KD can control not only weight but blood lipids and glucose levels as well
Moriconi et al. [21]	A 12-month retrospective observational study Sample: thirty patients with obesity and T2D, aged between 35 years and 75 years VLCKD: n = 15 LCD: n = 15	15 Subjects received a VLCKD diet, and 15 received an LCD diet, with the same follow-up and assessments for the duration of the investigation in both groups	Significant weight loss was observed in the VLCKD group at 3 (8.5% from baseline, P = 0.000) and 12 months (11.5% from baseline, P = 0.000), while there was no significant change in weight in the LCD group (P = 0.706 at T1, P = 0.623 at T2) In the VLCKD group, there was a significant decrease in HbA1c at both time points, while in the LCD group, minor and statistically insignificant changes were observed	The research confirmed that a VLCKD is an effective and safe tool in the management of T2D and obesity. VLCKDs can result in a decrease, or even suspension, of pharmacological therapy, potentially causing remission of the disease

T2D: type 2 diabetes; TG: triglycerides; FINS: fasting insulin; TC: total cholesterol; FBG: fasting blood glucose; VLCKD: very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet; LCD: low-calories diet; BMI: body mass index; KD: ketogenic diet; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein

Declarations

Author contributions

PP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft. PL: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft. LR: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Funding. MDE: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets for this study can be found in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8811985/ and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7996853/.

Funding

Project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4 - Call for tender No. 3138 of 16 December 2021, rectified by Decree n.3175 of the 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU. Award Number: Project code CN_00000033, Concession Decree No. 1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, Project title “National Biodiversity Future Center - NBFC” [CUP: D43C22001260001]. The funders had no role in study design, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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