Table Info

Table 2.

Performance parameters of various analytical techniques

Sample digestion	Metal	LOD	R²	Linear range (mg/kg)	LOQ	RSD_r/CV_r (%)	RSD_R/CV_R (%)	Precision (%RSD)	Measuring uncertainty (%)	Recovery (%)	Source
ICP-MS
Microwave digestion	Cd	0.003 mg/kg	> 0.998	0.00025–0.010	0.005 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	1.7	0.033	95	[24]
Microwave digestion	As, Cd, Pb, Sb	0.0024–0.0092; 0.0001–0.0555; 0.0044–0.0151; 0.0008–0.0584 mg/kg	> 0.990	0.005–2.500	0.0078–0.0106; 0.0002–0.1851; 0.0147–0.0503; 0.0025–0.19405 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	< 25	99.5–108.7; 95.3–100.7; 89.7–97.2; 92.5–102.4	[25]
Dry ashing, wet digestion, microwave digestion	Mo, Se, Cr	0.00006; 0.00013; 0.00006 mg/kg	> 0.9996	n.r.	0.00021; 0.00044; 0.00021 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	1.02; 1.27; 1.18	n.r.	98.7; 99.1; 98.4	[26]
Wet digestion	Pb, Cd, As	0.0024; 0.0012; 0.0028 mg/kg	> 0.9994	n.r.	0.0072; 0.0037; 0.0084 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	103.89; 101.21; 96.99	[27]
ICP-OES
Microwave digestion	Cd	0.034 mg/kg	> 0.998	0.001–0.005 (I); 0.010–0.050 (II); 0.100–0.500 (III)	0.043 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	2.3	0.079 (I); 0.047 (II); 0.034 (III)	91	[19]
Microwave digestion	As, Cd, Hg, Pb	0.00100; 0.00005; 0.00035; 0.00200 mg/kg	0.9891 (Cd); 0.9899 (Hg); > 0.99 (AS, Pb)	0.0003–1.200 (As, Cd, Hg); 0.0012–1.200 (Pb)	0.00330; 0.00016; 0.00117; 0.00660 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	94; 98; 101; 105	[33]
Dry ashing, wet digestion, microwave digestion	Mo, Se, Cr	0.00091; 0.00589; 0.00444 mg/kg	> 0.9996	n.r.	0.00303; 0.01960; 0.01480 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	109.4; 40.9; 0	[26]
Wet digestion	Al, Hg	0.0040; 0.0021 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	0.0121; 0.0063 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	94.73; 97.30	[27]
F-AAS
Wet digestion	Cd, Pb	0.004; 0.04 mg/L	0.9991; 0.9998	0.01–1.0; 0.10–2.0	0.01; 0.1 mg/L	1.36; 6.03	n.r.	1.33; 6.35	n.r.	95.39–103.24; 87.32–92.51	[39]
Microwave digestion	Zn, Fe	0.090; 0.130 mg/kg	> 0.997	0.0002–0.005; 0.0001–0.002	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	88; 90	[44]
Wet digestion	Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb	0,167; 0.073; 0.026; 0.026; 0.030; 0.067; 0.030; 0.063 mg/kg	> 0.99	n.r.	0.557; 0.244; 0.068; 0086; 0.100; 0.233; 0.100; 0.210 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	96; 98; 93; 94; 87; 104; 96; 100	[38]
Wet digestion	Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn	0.3813; 0.2975; 0.0150; 0.1696; 0.1505; 0.0518; 0.1974; 0.4823; 0.0209 mg/kg	> 0.997	0.5–10; 0.4–7.0; 0.02–0.4; 0.4–4.0; 0.1–2.0; 0.1–2.0; 0.3–4.0; 2.5–10; 0.1–10	1.2825; 0.9959; 0.0499; 0.5654; 0.5019; 0.1727; 0.6581; 1.5951; 0.0698 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	[37]
GF-AAS
Microwave digestion	Pb, Cr, Cd	0.065; 0.01; 0.11 mg/kg	0.9996 (Pb, Cd); 0.9998 (Cr)	2–40; 2–16; 0.25–4.0	0.22; 0.03; 0.38 mg/kg	8.7; 8.76; 8.75	8.86; 9.96; 8.65	n.r.	12.42; 11.48; 4.43 %	94.63; 93.97; 101.63	[45]
Microwave digestion	Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb	0.00014; 0.00109; 0.00301; 0.00897; 0.0102; 0.00048 mg/kg	> 0.997	0.0005–0.005 (Cd); 0.002–0.050 (Cr); 0.005–0.050 (Cu, Mn, Ni); 0.001–0.020 (Pb)	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	96.5; 100; 98.9; 111; 79.4; 100	[44]
Microwave digestion	Pb, Cd, As	0.000008; 0.000002; 0.0000003 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	0.000025; 0.000006; 0.00001 mg/kg	1.87; 3.88; 2.77;	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	103.8; 90.1; 97.8	[43]
Microwave digestion	Pb, Cd, Cr	0.078; 0.010; 0.022 mg/kg	> 0.997	0.015–0.075; 0.001–0.006; 0.004–0.020	0.156; 0.021; 0.044 mg/kg	4.90–9.12	6.69–9.11	n.r.	15.8; 12.6; 11.8	90.40–97.73; 98.0–104.4; 92.40–92.80	[46]
HG-AAS
Dry ashing, microwave digestion	As	0.00017 mg/kg	0.9981	0.0005–0.005	0.00058 mg/kg	0.35	n.r.	7.5	1.22	97.5	[39]
Microwave digestion	As, Hg, Se	0.0011; 0.0033; 0.00316 mg/kg	> 0.997	0.002–0.050 (Se, As); 0.0005–0.010 (Hg)	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	114; 77; 106	[44]
Microwave digestion	Hg	0.0000033 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	0.000001 mg/kg	4.84	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	98.8	[43]
Wet digestion	Hg	0.02 mg/kg	> 0.994	0.04–0.87	0.04 mg/kg	19.6	34.2	n.r.	n.r.	92–118	[49]
CV-AAS
Microwave digestion	Hg	0.0173–0.0284 mg/kg	1.0000	0.0010–0.0160	0.0575–0.0948 mg/kg	7.58	6.08	n.r.	8.96	95.56–107.98	[15]
Microwave digestion	Hg	0.0049 mg/kg	0.999	0.001–0.030	0.0157 mg/kg	2.38–12.70	3.16–13.27	n.r.	n.r.	94–104	[55]
Microwave digestion	Hg	0.000118 mg/L	> 0.99	0.001–0.005 mg/L	0.000394 mg/L	1.5–3.0	1.7–4.2	n.r.	n.r.	90.1–105.8	[54]
Wet digestion	Hg	0.0001 mg/kg	0.9994	0.00005–0.010	0.0003 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	90.78	[53]
XRF
Wet digestion (TXRF)	Pb, As, Cr, Hg	0.00059; 0.00041; 0.00057; 0.00075 mg/L	0.9999; 0.9999; 0.9999; 0.9996	0.0019–0.100; 0.0013–0.100; 0.0019–0.100; 0.0025–0.100	0.00195; 0.00135; 0.00190; 0.00250 mg/L	3.31; 1.59; 5.11; 1.71	3.26; 1.96; 5.27; 4.77	n.r.	n.r.	91–108	[66]
Wet digestion (TXRF)	Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, As	0.00016–0.00040; 0.00008–0.00023; 0.00007–0.00013; 0.00009–0.00030; 0.00005–0.00007 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	0.00049–0.00085; 0.00022–0.00065; 0.00016–0.00042; 0.00069–0.00100; 0.00016–0.00025 mg/kg	2.10–9.54; 4.01–9.04; 5.33–9.16; 2.51–11.05; 6.41	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	61.73–82.12; 79.58–99.65; 73.78–82.68; 83.86–99.41; 93.90	[64]
Wet digestion (HDXRF)	As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn	0.072; 0.070; 0.502; 0.063; 0.033; 4.383 mg/kg	0.9961; 0.9995; 0.9991; 0.9617; 0.9980; 0.9748	0.24–10; 0.23–30; 1.67–5; 0.21–1; 0.11–12; 14.62–150	0.242; 0.233; 1.672; 0.208; 0.108; 14.611 mg/kg	0.64; 0.23; 0.81; 3.78; 4.15; 0.13	0.85; 0.75; 1.81; 4.12; 6.23; 1.43	n.r.	n.r.	96; 113; 94; 96; 108; 88	[65]
ASV
Dry ashing	Pb, Cd	0.025: 0.025 mg/kg	0.9714; 0.9660	0.025–0.250; 0.025-0.250	0.1595; 0.1557 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	[71]
Wet digestion	Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu	0.00005; 0.00012; 0.00025; 0.00004 mg/kg	0.999; 0.9969; 0.9915; 0.9989	0.0001–0.500; 0.0003–0.220; 0.0005–0.200; 0.0001–0.450	0.0001; 0.0003; 0.0005; 0.0001 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	95; 96; 97; 98	[8]
Dry ashing	Pb, Cd	0.00072; 0.00106 mg/kg	0.9965; 0.9968	0.005–1.0; 0.005-1.0	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	[70]
Dry ashing	Pb, Cd	0.02055; 0.02512 mg/kg	0.9367; 0.9442	0.040–0.090; 0.020–0.100	0.06226; 0.07612 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	[72]
CSV
Wet digestion	Se	0.00014 mg/kg	0.9965	0.0004–0120	0.0004 mg/kg	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	91	[13]

n.r: not reported; RSD_r: relative standard deviation for repeatability; CV_r: coefficient of variation for repeatability; RSD_R: relative standard deviation for reproducibility; CV_R: coefficient of variation for reproducibility; ICP-MS: inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; ICP-OES: inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry; F-AAS: flame atomic absorption spectrometry; GF-AAS: graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; HG-AAS: hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry; CV-AAS: cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry; XRF: X-ray fluorescence; TXRF: total reflection X-ray fluorescence; HDXRF: high-definition X-ray fluorescence; ASV: anodic stripping voltammetry; CSV: cathodic stripping voltammetry; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; R²: coefficients of determination

Declarations

Author contributions

ELU: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. GM: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Supervision. Both of the authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by two grants from the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS/CCCDI - UEFISCDI [PN-IV-P8-8.1-PRE-HE-ORG-2023-00180165, PN-IV-P8-8.1-PRE-HE-ORG-2023-0168] within PNCDI IV. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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