Summary of in vitro cytotoxicity studies of cane extracts effects on different types of cancer
| Entry | Method | Variety | Pre-conditions | Extraction conditions | Yields | Assay | Pre-treatment | Dose (µg/mL) | Treatment time (h) | Cell line | Major findings | Reference(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stilbene a | Flavanols b | ||||||||||||
| 1 | PLE (SWE) | Tinta Roriz (TR), Touriga Nacional (TN), Alvarinho, Loureiro | Dried (50°C in oven) for 24 h, powdered < 1 mm | Water 40 mL/g, 150°C,40 min, 4 MPa. | 186 µg/g dw (TN), 195 µg/g dw (TR) | 3,102 µg/g dw (Loureiro), 2,565 µg/g dw (TN) | MTT | Lyophilized and filtered 0.45 µm Millex GV filters | 0.1–1,000 | 24 |
| Σ phenolic acids > Σ flavanols > Σ stilbenes; ↓cell viability of HaCaT: 24.4% (TR) and 28.8% (Loureiro) 1,000 µg/mL; ↓cell viability of HFF-1: < 7.6% (TR) for > 1 µg/mL, 58.8% (TN)–74.8% (Loureiro) for 1,000 µg/mL. | [20] |
| 2 | CSLE | Mixture Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon | Dried (in open air) for 2 months, powdered | Acetone: H2O (6:4, v/v), 5 mL/g, rt, 12 h (2 times), stirring. Filtered, evaporated organic solvent, lyophilized. Washed with water in an Amberlite XAD-7 column, eluted with acetone (55 g/kg stilbene-enriched extract). | 45.4% (w/w) | - | MTT, NR | Stock solution DMSO 0.5%, 1,000 µg/mL | 0–100 | 24–48 |
| ε-viniferin (16.34%, w/w) > trans-resveratrol (8.07%, w/w); ↓cell viability of HepG2: ≥ 30–40 µg/mL (24/48 h), EC50 (MTS): 31.2 (24 h) and 20.6 µg/mL (48 h); ↓cell viability of Caco-2: ≥ 30–40 µg/mL (24/48 h), EC50 (MTS): 55.8 (24 h) and 39.0 µg/mL (48 h). | [12] |
| 3 | CSLE | Riesling | Cut into pieces, dried (rt) | MeOH:H2O:HCl 1N (80:19:1, v/v/v), 25 mL/g, rt, 2 times (1st: 60 min, 2nd: 30 min), stirring. Filtered (0.2 μm), evaporated organic solvent, and washed with water in an Amberlite XAD16N resin, eluted with EtOH 90%. Evaporated organic solvent and lyophilized. | 12,000 µg/g dwc | AB | Stock solution DMSO ≤ 1.0% | 5–500 | 2–24 | HepG2 | ↓cell viability of HepG2: < 80% for ≥ 200 µg/mL. | [15] | |
| 4 | OH | Loureiro | Dried (rt), powdered < 8 mm | EtOH:H2O (45:55, v/v), 40 mL/g, 60 min, 80°C, IEF (840 V/cm). Filtered, evaporated organic solvent, lyophilized. | 654 µg/g dwc | - | MTT | Stock solution DMSO 0.5% | - | 24–48 |
| Apigenin > quercetin > ellagic acid > hesperidin; IC50: 49.7–89.7 μg/mL (48 h). | [17] |
| 5 | UAE | Pinot Noir | Stored 3 months (rt), cut into pieces (1 cm) | EtOH:H2O (80:20, v/v), 10 mL/g, 100 min, 80°C. Evaporated organic solvent. | 6.3% (w/w) | 1.11% (w/w) | MTT | Stock solution DMSO ≤ 1.0% | 0–100 | 72 |
| IC50: 9.6–57.5 μg/mL. | [16] |
| 6 | UAE | Malbec | After pruning (1 day), cut into pieces (2–4 cm), dried (60°C) until a constant weight. Powdered and stored (rt) | EtOH:H2O (50:50, v/v), 50 mL/g, 60°C, 50 Hz, 1 h. | 1,864 µg/g dw | 1,111 µg/g dw | MTT | Evaporated organic solvent and filtered 0.22 µm. Stock solution 40 mg/mL | 0–4,000 | 48 |
| HBL-100: no toxicity, HCT-116: no toxicity. | (This work) |
a: Σ trans-resveratrol + Ɛ-viniferin; b: Σ (+)-catequin + (–)-epicatechin; c: µg/g dry extract; ↓: decreased regarding a control disease group. CSLE: conventional solid-liquid extraction; UAE: ultrasound assisted extraction; PLE: pressurized liquid extraction; SWE: subcritical water extraction; OH: ohmic heating; rt: room temperature; dw: dry weight; MTT: 3-(4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrasodium bromide; NR: neutral rep uptake; AB: Alamar Blue® (resazurin); IC50: half maximal inhibitory concentration. Human colon (Caco-2 and HCT-116), breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), liver (HepG2), gastric (AGS), lung (SK-MES-1), bladder (J82) cancer cell lines. Normal human colon (CCD841 CoN), lung (MRC-5), epithelium (HBL-100), dermal (HFF-1 and HaCaT) cell lines a: Σ trans-resveratrol + Ɛ-viniferin;
