Summary of in vitro cytotoxicity studies of bunch stem extracts effects on different types of cancer
| Entry | Method | Variety | Pre-conditions | Extraction conditions | Yields (µg/g dw) | Assay | Pre-treatment | Dose (µg/mL) | Treatment time | Cell line | Major findings | Reference(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stilbene a | Flavanols b | ||||||||||||
| 1 | CSLE | Mazuelo | Dried (25°C) until constant weight, powered < 0.3 mm | EtOH:H2O (50:50, v/v), 100 mL/g, 24 h, 40°C, stirring (150 rpm). Centrifuged, filtered, lyophilized. | 850c | 980c | SRB | Stock solution 1.5 mg/mL | 62.5–100 | 48–72 |
| IC50: 203–817(MCF-7), 85–911 (MDA-MD-231), 661–759 (Caco-2), 1,454 (fibroblast cells) μg/mL | [11] |
| 2 | CSLE | Tinto Cão, Tinta Barroca, Malvasia Fina, and Moscatel Branco | Washed, cut into small pieces, dried (40°C) for 72 h, powered | MeOH:H2O (70:30, v/v), 37.5 mL/g, vortexed and agitated 30 min, rt (3 times), filtered (0.45 µm). | 2,940–5,820 | - | AB | - | 0.002–0.500%d | 36 | HaCaT | No cytotoxic effects | [10] |
| 3 | CSLE Soxhlet | Chardonay | Cut into small pieces | Extracted with H2O (4 mL/g) under reflux for 1 h, filtered and concentrated. Loaded into Amberlite XAD-1180N resin, eluted with EtOAc and MeOH. Evaporated MeOH fraction, chromatographed over Sephadex LH-20 (100 mL) eluting with 30% MeOH, 40% EtOH, 30% acetone, 40% acetone, and 60% acetone sequentially. Purified fraction five over Toyopearl HW40F (63 mL) eluting with 30% MeOH, 40% EtOH, and 60% acetone sequentially. Fraction three was evaporated to yield a light brown powder. | - | - | - | Newly isolated proanthocyanidin | 0–50e | 48 |
| Significant cytotoxic activity; insolated new compound > epigallocatechin 3-gallate | [21] |
| 4 | UAE | Assyrtiko, Vinsanto, Voidomato, Mandilaria, Mavrotragano, Athiri, Moschato, Ksinomavro, Vilana | Air-dried, powdered, and stored (rt) | MeOH:H2O:HCl 1N (90:9.5:0.5, v/v/v), 4 mL/g, 10 min, rt (3 times). Evaporated organic solvent, dissolved 30 mL MeOH:H2O (1:1, v/v) and centrifuged, extracted Petroleum Ether (3 × 30 mL) and concentrated. Re-suspended 30 mL brine, extracted EtOAc (4 × 30 mL). Combined organic layers dried, dissolved MeOH (1 mg/mL), filtered (0.45 µm) | 7.78–69.64c | 9.48–98.29c | XTT | - | 1–200 | 24 |
| HepG2: IC50 50 μg/mL, HeLa: IC50 32 μg/mL | [9] |
| 5 | UAE | Hambourg Muscat, Assyrtiko, Voidomato, Mavrotragano | Air-dried, powdered, and stored (rt) | MeOH:H2O:HCl 1N (90:9.5:0.5, v/v/v), 4 mL/g, 10 min, rt (3 times). Evaporated organic solvent, dissolved 30 mL MeOH:H2O (1:1, v/v) and centrifuged, extracted Petroleum Ether (3 × 30 mL) and concentrated. Re-suspended 30 mL brine, extracted EtOAc (4 × 30 mL). Combined organic layers dried, dissolved MeOH (1 mg/mL), filtered (0.45 µm) | 9,090–25,410c | 13,610–31,310c | SRB | Stock solution DMSO ≤ 1.0%, 40 mg/mL. Sterilized via filtration (0.22 μm) | 12.5–400 | 72 |
| IC50: 121–230 (MCF-7), 121–184 (MDA-MD-23), 175–309 (HT29), 159–314 (K1), 180–225 (786-0), 134 to > 400 (Caki-1) μg/mL | [13] |
| 6 | UAE | Malbec | Lyophilized, powered | EtOH:H2O (50:50, v/v), 50 mL/g, 60°C, 50 Hz, 1 h. | 541 | 5,298 | MTT | Evaporated organic solvent and filtered 0.22 µm. Stock solution 40 mg/mL | 0–4,000 | 48 |
| HBL-100: no toxicity, HCT-116 IC50: 680 µg/mL | (This work) |
a: Σ trans-resveratrol + Ɛ-viniferin; b: Σ (+)-catequin + (–)-epicatechin; c: µg/g dry extract; d: culture media supplemented (× 10−3%) with polyphenolic extracts; e: mM. CSLE: conventional solid-liquid extraction; UAE: ultrasound assisted extraction; rt: room temperature; dw: dry weight; MTT: 3-(4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrasodium bromide; NR: neutral rep uptake; AB: Alamar Blue® (resazurin); SRB: sulforhodamine B; IC50: half maximal inhibitory concentration. ↓: decreased regarding a control disease group. Human colon (Caco-2, HT-29, HCT-116, and Lovo), breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), liver (HepG2), cervix (HeLa), renal (786-0 and Caki-1), thyroid (K1), prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines. Normal human epithelium (HBL-100), dermal (HaCaT) cell lines
