Compositional analyses of feedstock as raw material and after the chemical pre-treatment※
Raw material compositional analysis
Compositional analysis after alkaline pre-treatment
Feedstock
% Total solids
% Ash
% ASL
Arabinose※※
Galactose※※
Glucose※※
Xylose※※
Arabinose※※
Glucose※※
Xylose※※
T2
89.10(0.20)
5.26(0.16)
1.49(0.06)
1.77(0.01)
0.71(0.01)
30.77(0.05)
14.65(0.03)
3.17(0.40)
66.08(1.39)
26.97(0.79)
※ Values in brackets are standard deviations; ※※ values are expressed as w/w referred to 100 gr of dry matter and were means of three samples. T2: triticale line 2; ASL: acid-soluble lignin
We dedicate this paper to the memory of our ENEA colleague Tiziana Coccioletti, who gave her highly professional and human contribution to this work. The authors thank Dr. A. Massi (Società Produttori Sementi, Bologna, IT) for providing seeds of the waxy bread wheat EW9 line; Dr. A. Sprocati (ENEA) for providing the S. cerevisiae M861 strain; Dr. G. Marconi (ENEA library service) for his constant assistance and Mr. Ian Pace for reviewing the English of the text. The authors thank the non-profit organization AaIS (Bracciano IT) for providing field areas and technical assistance during the field experiments. The authors are grateful to Dr. Claudia Zoani (ENEA) for her encouragement to submit the current manuscript.
Author contributions
PG: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. KA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. CC: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AL: Methodology, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. LG, FN, GM, O Maccioni, O Marconi, GDF, and SF: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version. All authors approved the current manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available upon request from the corresponding author (patriziagaleffi@gmail.com), without undue reservation, to any qualified researchers.
Sánchez OJ, Cardona CA. Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks.Bioresour Technol. 2008;99:5270–95. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dammer L, Carus M, Piotrowski S, Puente Á, Breitmayer E, Liptow C, et al. Sustainable First and Second Generation Bioethanol for Europe: A sustainability assessment of first and second generation bioethanol in the context of the European Commission’s REDII proposal. Michael Carus (V.i.S.d.P.); 2017.
European Commission: Joint Research Centre; Hurtig O, Scarlat N, Motola V, Buffi M, Georgakaki A, Letout S, et al. Clean Energy Technology Observatory, Advanced biofuels in the European Union – Status report on technology development, trends, value chains and markets – 2022. Publications Office of the European Union; 2022. [DOI]
Davis-Knight HR, Weightman RM. The potential of triticale as a low input cereal for bioethanol production.Final report. The Home-Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA); 2008 Jul. Report NO.: 434.
Clarke S, Roques S, Weightman R, Kindred D. Modern triticale crops for increased yields, reduced inputs, increased profitability and reduced greenhouse gas emissions from UK cereal production.Final report. AHDB Cereals & Oilseeds; 2016 Mar. Report NO.: 556.
Klikocka H, Kasztelan A, Zakrzewska A, Wyłupek T, Szostak B, Skwaryło-Bednarz B. The Energy Efficiency of the Production and Conversion of Spring Triticale Grain into Bioethanol.Agronomy. 2019;9:423. [DOI]
Beres B, Pozniak C, Bressler D, Gibreel A, Eudes F, Graf R, et al. A Canadian Ethanol Feedstock Study to Benchmark the Relative Performance of Triticale: II. Grain Quality and Ethanol Production.Agron J. 2013;105:1707–20. [DOI]
Bušić A, Marđetko N, Kundas S, Morzak G, Belskaya H, Ivančić Šantek M, et al. Bioethanol Production from Renewable Raw Materials and Its Separation and Purification: A Review.Food Technol Biotechnol. 2018;56:289–311. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cantale C, Petrazzuolo F, Correnti A, Farneti A, Felici F, Latini A, et al. Triticale for Bioenergy Production.Agric Agric Sci Procedia. 2016;8:609–16. [DOI]
Cantale C, Belmonte A, Correnti A, Farneti A, Felici F, Gazza L, et al. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Triticale Elite Lines for Industrial Uses.Plant Breed Seed Sci. 2018;77:79–92. [DOI]
Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter A, Sluiter J, Templeton D. Preparation of Samples for Compositional Analysis: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP).Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy; 2008 Jan. Report No.: NREL/TP-510-42620. Contract No.: DE-AC36-99-GO10337.
Sluiter A, Hames B, Hyman D, Payne C, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, et al. Determination of Total Solids in Biomass and Total Dissolved Solids in Liquid Process Samples: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP).Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy; 2008 Mar. Report No.: NREL/TP-510-42621. Contract No.: DE-AC36-99-GO10337.
Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D. Determination of Ash in Biomass: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP).Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy; 2005 Jul. Report No.: NREL/TP-510-42622. Contract No.: DE-AC36-99-GO10337.
Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D, et al. Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP).Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy; 2008 Apr. Report No.: NREL/TP-510-42618. Contract No.: DE-AC36-08GO28308.
Chen Y, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Keshwani D, Chen C. Potential of agricultural residues and hay for bioethanol production.Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2007;142:276–90. [DOI] [PubMed]
Galbe M, Zacchi G. A review of the production of ethanol from softwood.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;59:618–28. [DOI] [PubMed]
Scarlata CJ, Hyman DA. Development and validation of a fast high pressure liquid chromatography method for the analysis of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and fermentation products.J Chromatogr A. 2010;1217:2082–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kim TH, Lee YY. Pretreatment of corn stover by soaking in aqueous ammonia.Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2005;124:1119–31. [DOI] [PubMed]
Pejin JD, Mojović LV, Pejin DJ, Kocić-Tanackov SD, Savić DS, Nikolić SB, et al. Bioethanol production from triticale by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with magnesium or calcium ions addition.Fuel. 2015;142:58–64. [DOI]
Burczyk H. Usability of the cereals for generation of renewable energy - according to the research results.Probl Inz Roln. 2011;19:43–51. Polish.
Smith TC, Kindred DR, Brosnan JM, Weightman RM, Shepherd M, Sylvester-Bradley R. Wheat as a feedstock for alcohol production.Final report. Home-Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA); 2006 Dec. Report No.: RR61.
Yaverino-Gutiérrez MA, Wong AYCH, Ibarra-Muñoz LA, Chávez ACF, Sosa-Martínez JD, Tagle-Pedroza AS, et al. Perspectives and Progress in Bioethanol Processing and Social Economic Impacts.Sustainability. 2024;16:608. [DOI]