Table Info

Table 3.

Bioaccumulation (BA) of marine toxins (pollutants from biological sources) in bivalve molluscs, main producer genera, evaluated species, collection place, and calculated bioconcentration factor (BCF) (when possible) in the period 2019–2024

Type	Toxin	Producer genera	Evaluated species (sample size)	Location	BA (μg kg⁻¹)	BCF	Ref.
Kainoid	DA	Pseudo-nitzchia australis	Donax trunculus (11 clams)	Northwest coast of Brittany, France	12 × 10³	-	[55]
			Pecten maximus (5 scallops)		638.6 × 10³	-
			Aequipecten opercularis (10 scallops)		22.7 × 10³	-
			Crepidula Fornicata (7 slippersnails)		48.5 × 10³	-
Polyketide	OA	Vulcanodinium rugosum	Multiple species (1,150)	Galician Coast, Spain	~100	-	[56]
	DTX2	Vulcanodinium rugosum	Multiple species (1,150)	Galician Coast, Spain	~150	-	[56]
	OA	Prorocentrum lima	Mytilus galloprovincialis (372 mussels)	Ria of Vigo, Spain	2,819.2	-	[54]
	DTX1	Prorocentrum lima	Mytilus galloprovincialis (372 mussels)	Ria of Vigo, Spain	1,107.1	-	[54]
	OA	-	Alectryonella plicatula (3 mussels)	-	255.2	-	[51]
Polyether	YTX	Vulcanodinium rugosum	Multiple species (1,150)	Galician Coast, Spain	~90	-	[56]
Cyclic imine	PnTXG	Vulcanodinium rugosum			~50	-
	13-desm SPXC	Alexandrium ostenfeldii			~20	-
	13-19diDesMetSPXC	Alexandrium ostenfeldii			~5	-
Alkaloid	STXs	A. catenella	Mytilus edulis (61 mussels)	Coastline of Argentina	40,432 μg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-	[50]
			Aulacomya atra (2 mussels)		268 µg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-
			Brachidontes rodriguezii (9 mussels)		224 µg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-
			Zygochlamys patagonica (23 scallops)		1,348 µg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-
			Aequipecten tehuelche (13 scallops)		2,884 µg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-
			Mesodesma mactroides (27 clams)		Mean value < MPL	-
			Ameghinomya antiqua (3 clams)			-
			Donax hanleyanus (13 clams)			-
		-	Alectryonella plicatula (3 mussels)	-	365.3	-	[51]
		Gymnodinium catenatum	Cerastoderme edule (40 cockles)	Mira branch, Aveiro lagoon, Portugal	125–4,721 μg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-	[52]
			Mytilus galloprovincialis (10 mussels)		165–4,013 μg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-
			Solen marginatus (10 shells)		133–1,176 μg STX di-HCl eq/kg	-
		-	Mussels (N.I.N^b of not indicated species)	Xiapu, Fujian, China	0.65	282.6	[53]

DA: domoic acid; OA: okadaic acid; DTX1: dinophysistoxin 1; YTX: yessotoxin; PnTXG: pinnatoxin G; 13-desm SPXC: 13-desmethyl spirolide C; STX: saxitoxin; N.I.N^b: not indicated number; MPL: maximum permitted level

Declarations

Author contributions

COE: Investigation, Writing—original draft. ARC: Investigation, Writing—original draft. EJCC and MJLG: Writing—original draft, Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish State Research Agency [AEI//10.13039/501100011033/], the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU), and the European Union (NextGenerationEU/PRTR) through the project [PID2021-125459OB-I00]. Also, MJ Lerma-García acknowledges the project [CIAICO/2022/183] funded by Generalitat Valenciana. E.J. Carrasco-Correa also acknowledges projects [PID2020-117686RB-C33] and [TED2021-131303B-I00] from AEI and MICIU and [CIGE/2023/069] from Generalitat Valenciana. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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