Functional properties (WAC, OAC, FC, FS, and swelling power) of four formulated flours
Samples
WAC (g/g)
OAC (g/g)
FC (%)
FS (%)
Swelling power (cm3/g)
F1
2.03 ± 0.03a
2.41 ± 0.04ab
9.52 ± 0.00b
4.58 ± 0.41a
1.87 ± 0.15ab
F2
1.95 ± 0.12a
2.56 ± 0.21ab
7.59 ± 0.64a
4.28 ± 0.36a
2.03 ± 0.21b
F3
2.06 ± 0.09a
2.70 ± 0.10c
9.52 ± 0.00b
6.28 ± 0.41b
1.27 ± 0.15a
F4
2.05 ± 0.07a
2.37 ± 0.19ab
9.52 ± 0.00b
6.52 ± 0.00b
1.63 ± 0.15a
Control
1.88 ± 0.02a
2.13 ± 0.24a
19.04 ± 0.00c
8.00 ± 0.00c
1.50 ± 0.10a
WAC: water absorption capacity; OAC: oil absorption capacity; FC: foaming capacity; FS: foaming stability; F1: white wheat flour, corn bran flour; F2: white wheat flour, corn bran, sorghum bran; F3: white wheat flour, corn bran, sweet potato flour, and sorghum bran; F4: white wheat flour, corn bran, sweet potato flour; Control: wheat flour. Values carrying different superscripts (a, b, c) in the same column are statistically significant (P < 0.05)
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to all the participants who took part in the sensory evaluation, whose valuable insights greatly contributed to the findings of this study.
Author contributions
BUFS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. ATC: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization. IT: Conceptualization, Formal analysis. NYJ: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. GGMM: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. NJKE: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. ATD: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. LKN: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the University of Bamenda, Cameroon (approval number: 2024/0163H/UBa/IRB) and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Animal management adhered to the guidelines set forth by the European Communities Council Directive 86/609/EEC for the care and use of experimental animals.
Consent to participate
Voluntary agreement from individuals to taste and evaluate these biscuits was obtained. Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, the nature of the biscuits, any potential risks (such as allergens), and the evaluation process. They are assured of their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Participants know their role and rights to maintain ethical standards in the research.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The original data underpinning the conclusions presented in this manuscript will be accessible to any qualified researcher upon request, without any undue reservation from the authors.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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