Table Info

Table 4.

AA profile of GFs filled with beef (GF_W_B), chicken (GF_W_C), fish (GF_W_F), PWL (GF_W_PWL), and SWP (GF_W_SWP)

AA	GF_W_B	GF_W_C	GF_W_F	GF_W_PWL	GF_W_SWP	*RDA
Essential AA (mg AA/100 g protein)
Leucine	8.39 ± 0.02^b	7.44 ± 0.08^d	6.73 ± 0.04^e	8.61 ± 0.08^a	8.13 ± 0.04^c	6.60
Lysine	3.55 ± 0.05^b	3.32 ± 0.04^c	3.17 ± 0.02^d	3.81 ± 0.02^a	3.46 ± 0.04^b	5.80
Isoleucine	4.35 ± 0.05^ab	3.79 ± 0.07^d	4.09 ± 0.08^c	4.53 ± 0.02^a	4.16 ± 0.05^bc	2.80
Phenylalanine	4.73 ± 0.07^b	4.16 ± 0.03^c	3.51 ± 0.10^d	5.09 ± 0.08^a	4.55 ± 0.05^b	2.80
Tryptophan	0.87 ± 0.02^b	0.77 ± 0.01^c	0.70 ± 0.00^d	0.93 ± 0.02^a	0.82 ± 0.01^bc	1.10
Valine	5.06 ± 0.04^a	4.12 ± 0.06^c	4.09 ± 0.09^c	4.89 ± 0.02^a	4.55 ± 0.04^b	3.50
Histidine	2.25 ± 0.02^ab	2.26 ± 0.02^ab	2.04 ± 0.03^c	2.34 ± 0.03^a	2.14 ± 0.06^bc	1.90
Methionine	1.25 ± 0.01^bc	1.16 ± 0.02^d	1.28 ± 0.01^ab	1.33 ± 0.03^a	1.20 ± 0.00^cd	2.20
Threonine	3.58 ± 0.09^b	3.18 ± 0.04^c	3.04 ± 0.03^c	4.10 ± 0.06^a	3.46 ± 0.06^b	3.40
Non-essential AA (mg AA/100 g protein)
Proline	3.52 ± 0.04^bc	3.44 ± 0.03^c	3.25 ± 0.04^d	3.85 ± 0.04^a	3.62 ± 0.04^b	-
Arginine	5.28 ± 0.03^b	3.93 ± 0.03^d	3.81 ± 0.05^d	5.50 ± 0.10^a	4.71 ± 0.06^c	2.00
Tyrosine	3.45 ± 0.02^b	3.52 ± 0.03^b	3.04 ± 0.03^d	3.91 ± 0.03^a	3.25 ± 0.04^c	-
Cysteine	1.35 ± 0.04^a	1.09 ± 0.03^b	0.88 ± 0.03^c	1.37 ± 0.03^a	1.27 ± 0.02^a	-
Alanine	4.68 ± 0.02^a	3.89 ± 0.00^c	3.49 ± 0.08^d	4.82 ± 0.03^a	4.14 ± 0.03^b	-
Glutamate	12.14 ± 0.13^b	10.64 ± 0.12^c	9.49 ± 0.17^d	12.67 ± 0.06^a	11.03 ± 0.03^c	-
Glycine	4.30 ± 0.07^a	3.39 ± 0.02^c	3.37 ± 0.05^c	3.87 ± 0.03^b	3.72 ± 0.04^b	-
Serine	4.09 ± 0.07^ab	3.90 ± 0.05^ab	3.51 ± 0.05^b	4.42 ± 0.10^a	3.73 ± 0.03^ab	-
Aspartate	8.05 ± 0.05^b	6.90 ± 0.07^d	6.37 ± 0.08^e	8.51 ± 0.11^a	7.56 ± 0.05^c	-

Values are means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replicates. Mean values in the same row with different superscript letters translate significant differences (P < 0.05) between protein filling samples. AA: amino acids; RDA: recommended dietary allowances; GF: gluten-free; PWL: palm weevil larvae; SWP: Mulberry Silkworm pupae

Supplementary materials

The supplementary material for this article is available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101078_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

OA: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Supervision. AF: Resources, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Supervision. TO: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. ET: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. TA: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. DA: Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from participants to participate in the sensory evaluation of the wraps.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

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