Table Info

Table 2.

The crucial link between agricultural policy and global food security

Regulation category	Specific regulations	Description	Impact on global food security	Examples
Food safety regulations	Pesticide residue limits	Set maximum residue levels for pesticides in food	Ensures food safety and reduces health risks	European Union (EU) regulation 396/2005 [72, 80]
	Contaminant limits	Regulates levels of heavy metals, mycotoxins, etc.	Prevents foodborne illnesses and protects public health	Codex Alimentarius standards [78]
	Genetically modified organism (GMO) labeling	Requires labeling of genetically modified foods	Informs consumers and supports market transparency	US GMO labeling regulations [71, 74]
Environmental sustainability	Soil conservation	Encourages practices to maintain soil health	Preserves soil fertility and prevents erosion, supporting long-term productivity	US Soil Conservation Act [39, 74, 77]
	Water use regulations	Controls agricultural water extraction and use	Ensures sustainable water use, preventing shortages and environmental degradation	EU Water Framework Directive [72, 81, 115, 116]
	Biodiversity protection	Protects natural habitats and species diversity	Maintains ecosystem services crucial for agriculture, like pollination and pest control	Convention on Biological Diversity [73, 76]
Economic stability and market access	Agricultural subsidies	Provides financial support to farmers	Enhances agricultural productivity and stabilizes farm incomes	US Farm Bill subsidies [75, 82]
	Trade regulations	Sets tariffs and trade barriers on agricultural products	Influences global food distribution and market access	World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture [27, 28]
	Price stabilization	Implements minimum support prices (MSPs) and buffer stocks	Protects farmers from price volatility and ensures a stable food supply	India’s MSP system [59, 93, 114]
Research and development	Funding for agricultural research and decelopment	Invests in research to improve crop varieties and farming practices	Drives innovation and enhances agricultural productivity and resilience	Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) programs [18]
Research and development	Extension services	Provides farmers with access to new knowledge and technologies	Improves farming practices and boosts productivity	US Cooperative Extension Service [54, 77, 82]
Social equity and rural development	Land tenure security	Ensures farmers have secure land ownership or usage rights	Encourages investment in land and sustainable farming practices	Kenya’s National Land Policy [48, 117]
	Gender equality in agriculture	Promotes equal access to resources and opportunities for women	Enhances productivity and food security by empowering women farmers	Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Gender Strategy [1, 78, 118]
	Rural infrastructure investment	Develops roads, storage facilities, and market access	Reduces post-harvest losses and improves food distribution efficiency	India’s Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Rural Road program [119–121]
Food security programs	School feeding programs	Provides meals to schoolchildren	Improves child nutrition and education outcomes	Brazil’s National School Feeding Program [59, 122]
Food security programs	Food aid and assistance	Supplies food to regions in crisis	Addresses acute food insecurity and prevents hunger	World Food Program operations [20, 76]
Climate change mitigation and adaptation	Climate-smart agriculture	Promotes practices that reduce emissions and increase resilience	Enhances the sustainability of food systems in the face of climate change	FAO Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook [30, 123–125]
Climate change mitigation and adaptation	Carbon farming incentives	Rewards farmers for sequestering carbon in soils	Mitigates climate change and supports sustainable agriculture	Australia’s Carbon Farming Initiative [48, 59, 79]
Health and nutrition	Nutrition labeling	Mandates disclosure of nutritional information on food products	Helps consumers make informed choices and promotes public health	US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Nutrition Labeling [12, 13, 126]
Fortification regulations	Nutrition labeling	It requires the addition of essential vitamins and minerals to food	Addresses micronutrient deficiencies and improves public health	World Health Organization (WHO) fortification guidelines [29]

Declarations

Author contributions

SI: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Resources, Data curation, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), Grant project [GR100153]. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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