Exploration of Cardiology

Table 1. The non-genetic factors affecting Lp(a) levels [4]

Non-genetic factors		Additional comments
Factors increasing Lp(a) concentration	Hypothyroidism	5–20% increase
	Thyrostatic therapy, radioactive iodine therapy	20–25% increase
	Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases	Increase related to interleukin-6 concentration
	Growth hormone	2 times increase
	Pregnancy	2 times increase
	Chronic kidney disease	Nephrotic syndrome: 3–5 times increase Peritoneal dialysis 2 times increase
	Protease inhibitors or antiretroviral therapy	Increase
	Air pollution (fine particulate)	Slight increase
Factors decreasing Lp(a) concentration	Sepsis	Decrease
	Postmenopausal hormonal replacement therapy	25% decrease
	Tocilizumab	30–40% decrease
	Low carbohydrate/high-fat diet	10–15% decrease
	Hyperthyroidism	Decrease
	Thyroid hormone replacement therapy	5–20% decrease
	Liver failure	Decrease

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Declarations

Acknowledgments

The author deserves special thanks to Dr. Simona Fenizia for her valuable contribution to English-style editing.

Author contributions

Miłosz B: Conceptualization, Resources, Visualization, Writing—original draft. Marlena B: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

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