Table Info

Table 1.

Clinical symptoms and vital signs for the diagnosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Resting chest pain	ECG	Troponin level at 0 h	Troponin change within 1–3 h	Diagnosis
+	Normal	–/+	–/+	UA
++	No ST-elevation	+	++	NSTEMI
+++	ST-elevation	++	+++	STEMI

UA: unstable angina; NSTEMI: myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation; STEMI acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation on ECG

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to the nursing staff of Hemodynamic Laboratory, including Giusi Longo, Anna Iacomella, Simone Manca, Orazio Leonardi. Figures 1 and 2 were created with BioRender.com.

Author contributions

JC and PC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MGA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Funding acquisition. MP, CD, GG, RN, and AB: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. EP, IB, GE, and JO: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Andrea Borghini who is the guest editor of the special issue “Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Aging” of Exploration of Cardiology had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The VICTORIA study was approved by Ethics Committee of Niguarda Hospital (reference number: 211-18042023/18 April 2023). All methods are performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

Consent to participate

The eligible participants provide informed written consent.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data generated during this study will be not publicly available because restricted by the Local Ethics Committee.

Funding

We acknowledge co-funding from Next Generation EU, in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Investment PE8—Project Age-It: “Ageing Well in an Ageing Society” [(Partenariato Esteso - PE0000015) - CUP B83C22004880006]. The views and opinions expressed are only those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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