The insertion site may bleed or develop a hematoma.
Infection
Infection can occur at the catheter insertion site, although rare.
Allergic reactions
Patients may experience allergic reactions to the contrast dye.
Arrhythmias
The procedure can sometimes trigger abnormal heart rhythms.
Contrast-induced nephropathy
The contrast dye can cause kidney damage, particularly in patients with existing kidney conditions.
Radiation exposure
Repeated exposure to X-ray radiation may increase the risk of cancer.
Vascular complications
Injury to the artery used for catheter insertion can occur, which may lead to pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous fistula.
Heart attack or stroke
The procedure can dislodge plaque, potentially leading to a heart attack or stroke, although this is rare.
Death
In very rare cases, serious complications from coronary angiography can be fatal.
Declarations
Author contributions
MFC: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Validation, Supervision. FC, GD, AN, and SM: Formal analysis, Investigation. LS: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The figures are part of the StressEcho 2030 study (from the general register of CEUR 34/2024—N. protocol of AOR San Carlo of Potenza referred to the application for study approval 20240025965—protocol date 25.06.2024).
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.
Availability of data and materials
Relevant data can be provided on reasonable request.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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