Imaging of cardiovascular complications and features in COVID-19
TTE
MRI
CT
RV dilatationa
Nonischemic injury (T1-based)
1. Abnormal T1 mapping
2. Increase extracellular volume quantification
3. Late gadolinium enhancement subepicardial midwall, patchy or scattered distribution of LGE
Pericardial effusion
Left ventricular contractile dysfunction
Myocardial edema (T2-based)
1. Abnormal T2 mapping
2. Abnormal T2- weighted imaging
Epicardial fat thickness
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction
Global or regional abnormality systolic function (cine)
CTPAb
Pericardial effusion
Decreased GLS
Pericardial effusion
CAC detectionc
a RV dilatation and dysfunction as the most common echocardiographic abnormalities with prognostic significance in most patients resolve after a period of acute infection. b CTPA is the principal method that confirms PE. c Additional CAC detection, although not routinely performed, maybe a relatively available marker of worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19
Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster.Lancet. 2020;395:514–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019.N Engl J Med. 2020;382:727–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 [cited 2023 May 18].Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
Zlacká J, Stebelová K, Zeman M, Herichová I. Interactions of renin-angiotensin system and COVID-19: the importance of daily rhythms in ACE2, ADAM17 and TMPRSS2 expression.Physiol Res. 2021;70:S177–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lin DY, Gu Y, Wheeler B, Young H, Holloway S, Sunny SK, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines over a 9-month period in North Carolina.N Engl J Med. 2022;386:933–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.Lancet. 2020;395:507–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Huang B, Ling R, Cheng Y, Wen J, Dai Y, Huang W, et al. Characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 and related therapeutic options.Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020;18:367–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.JAMA. 2020;323:1239–42. [DOI] [PubMed]
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S. Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event.Infect Genet Evol. 2020;79:104212. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Naeem A, Tabassum S, Gill S, Khan MZ, Mumtaz N, Qaiser Q, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases: a literature review from pathogenesis to diagnosis.Cureus. 2023;15:e35658. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Othman F, Abid AR, Nashwan AJ, AlIbrahim M, Manoher G, AbdulKarim S, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of cardiovascular manifestations in patients with COVID-19 in Qatar.Research Square PPR648500 [Preprint]. 2023 [cited 2023 May 20]. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR648500 doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2800914/v1
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:802–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen L, Li X, Chen M, Feng Y, Xiong C. The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116:1097–100. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Danzi GB, Loffi M, Galeazzi G, Gherbesi E. Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association?Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1858. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Aggarwal G, Cheruiyot I, Aggarwal S, Wong J, Lippi G, Lavie CJ, et al. Association of cardiovascular disease with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity: a meta-analysis.Curr Probl Cardiol. 2020;45:100617. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, Chuich T, Laracy J, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2352–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Favaloro EJ, Lavie CJ, Henry BM. Coronavirus disease 2019–associated coagulopathy.Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96:203–17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, Italia L, Raffo M, Tomasoni D, et al. Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:819–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xiong TY, Redwood S, Prendergast B, Chen M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications.Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1798–800. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Coomes EA, Haghbayan H. Interleukin-6 in Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Med Virol. 2020;30:1–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Motloch LJ, Jirak P, Mirna M, Fiedler L, Davtyan PA, Lakman IA, et al. Early antithrombotic post-discharge therapy using prophylactic DOAC or dipyridamole improves long-term survival and cardiovascular outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors.Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:916156. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zagidullin NS, Motloch LJ, Musin TI, Bagmanova ZA, Lakman IA, Tyurin AV, et al. J-waves in acute COVID-19: a novel disease characteristic and predictor of mortality?PLoS One. 2021;16:e0257982. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Salabei JK. COVID-19 and the CHA2DS2-VASc score: Is it time to refine?Clin Med Res. 2021;19:159–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kochi AN, Tagliari AP, Forleo GB, Fassini GM, Tondo C. Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with Covid-19.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:1003–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Malaty M, Kayes T, Amarasekera AT, Kodsi M, MacIntyre CR, Tan TC. Incidence and treatment of arrhythmias secondary to coronavirus infection in humans: a systematic review.Eur J Clin Invest. 2021;51:e13428. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Suh YJ, Hong H, Ohana M, Bompard F, Revel MP, Valle C, et al. Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Radiology. 2021;298:E70–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Scudiero F, Silverio A, Di Maio M, Russo V, Citro R, Personeni D, et al. Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients: prevalence, predictors and clinical outcome.Thromb Res. 2021;198:34–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ekici A, Ekici M, Baçcıoğlu A, Akyüz İnanç F, Aslan H. Pulmonary embolism in patients with dyspnea after COVID-19 infection.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26:3751–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Giustino G, Croft LB, Stefanini GG, Bragato R, Silbiger JJ, Vicenzi M, et al. Characterization of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2043–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mahmoud-Elsayed HM, Moody WE, Bradlow WM, Khan-Kheil AM, Senior J, Hudsmith LE, et al. Echocardiographic findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.Can J Cardiol. 2020;36:1203–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dweck MR, Bularga A, Hahn RT, Bing R, Lee KK, Chapman AR, et al. Global evaluation of echocardiography in patients with COVID-19.Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21:949–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Szekely Y, Lichter Y, Taieb P, Banai A, Hochstadt A, Merdler I, et al. Spectrum of cardiac manifestations in COVID-19: a systematic echocardiographic study.Circulation. 2020;142:342–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Goudarzi E, Yousefimoghaddam F, Ramandi A, Khaheshi I. 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography as a prognostic imaging modality for COVID-19 adverse outcomes.Future Cardiol. 2022;18:949–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Moody WE, Liu B, Mahmoud-Elsayed HM, Senior J, Lalla SS, Khan-Kheil AM, et al. Persisting adverse ventricular remodeling in COVID-19 survivors: a longitudinal echocardiographic study.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2021;34:562–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Medhane F, Kirkpatrick JN. Echocardiography in the era of COVID-19: lessons for the future.Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021;23:178. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Kramer CM, Carbone I, Sechtem U, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:3158–76. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ojha V, Verma M, Pandey NN, Mani A, Malhi AS, Kumar S, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings in 199 patients.J Thorac Imaging. 2021;36:73–83. [DOI] [PubMed]
Petersen SE, Friedrich MG, Leiner T, Elias MD, Ferreira VM, Fenski M, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for patients with COVID-19.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15:685–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et al. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1265–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Artico J, Shiwani H, Moon JC, Gorecka M, McCann GP, Roditi G, et al. Myocardial involvement after hospitalization for COVID-19 complicated by troponin elevation: a prospective, multicenter, observational study.Circulation. 2023;147:364–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Çakmak Karaaslan Ö, Özilhan MO, Maden O, Tüfekçioğlu O. Prevalence of cardiac involvement in home-based recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a retrospective observational study.Ir J Med Sci. 2022;191:2057–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ferreira VM, Plein S, Wong TC, Tao Q, Raisi-Estabragh Z, Jain SS, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for evaluation of cardiac involvement in COVID-19: recommendations by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2023;25:21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review.Eur Radiol. 2020;30:4381–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Perincek G, Önal C, Omar T. Prognostic value of chest-computed tomography in patients with COVID-19.Adv Respir Med. 2022;90:312–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, Gui S, Liang B, Li L, et al. Time course of lung changes at chest CT during recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Radiology. 2020;295:715–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Özer S, Bulut E, Özyıldız AG, Peker M, Turan OE. Myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients is associated with the thickness of epicardial adipose tissue.Kardiologiia. 2021;61:48–53. [DOI] [PubMed]
Suarez Castillejo C, Toledo-Pons N, Calvo N, Ramon-Clar L, Martínez J, Hermoso de Mendoza S, et al. A prospective study evaluating cumulative incidence and a specific prediction rule in pulmonary embolism in COVID-19.Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:936816. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mirsadraee S, Gorog DA, Mahon CF, Rawal B, Semple TR, Nicol ED, et al. Prevalence of thrombotic complications in ICU-treated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 detected with systematic CT scanning.Crit Care Med. 2021;49:804–15. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gupta YS, Finkelstein M, Manna S, Toussie D, Bernheim A, Little BP, et al. Coronary artery calcification in COVID-19 patients: an imaging biomarker for adverse clinical outcomes.Clin Imaging. 2021;77:1–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dillinger JG, Benmessaoud FA, Pezel T, Voicu S, Sideris G, Chergui N, et al. Coronary artery calcification and complications in patients with COVID-19.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:2468–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Le Hir AS, Fayol A, Mousseaux E, Danchin N, Tea V, Chamandi C, et al. Coronary artery calcifications and 6-month mortality in patients with COVID-19 without known atheromatous disease.Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;115:276–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Soltanabadi M, Hedayati R. Utility of 99mTc-MIBI myocardial perfusion imaging in the evaluation of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients.Cardiovasc Biomed J. 2023;2:1–2.
Araz M, Soydal Ç, Sütçü G, Demir B, Özkan E. Myocardial perfusion SPECT findings in postCOVID period.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:889–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Çap M, Bilge Ö, Gündoğan C, Tatlı İ, Öztürk C, Taştan E, et al. SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging identifies myocardial ischemia in patients with a history of COVID-19 without coronary artery disease.Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;38:447–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
