Table Info

Table 1.

Surface modifications of vascular grafts

Material	Fabrication	Surface modification	Time of effect	Target effect	Additional notes	Reference
Segments of the vasculature of porcine and rabbit	Glutaraldehyde-cross-linked	Heparin	5 months	Calcification	Effective in porcine thoracic aorta (AO), pulmonary artery (PA), and ineffective in jugular vein (JV) and rabbit aorta (RA)	[25]
Porous polyurethane (PU) vascular graft	Dip-coated	Sulfonated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-SO₃)-grafted PU copolymer (PU-PEO-SO₃)	14–39 days	Calcification, platelet adhesion, and thrombosis	PU-PEO-SO₃ provided additional structural support. Calcium deposits resurfaced over time.	[4]
Polycaprolactone (PCL) vascular graft	Electrospinning with catechol/gallol surface chemistry	Polyethyleneimine, heparin, and epigallocatechin gallate	28 days	Platelet adhesion/activation and fibrinogen formation	-	[26]
PU vascular grafts	Dip-coated with multiple layers of plasticized polyvinyl chloride	Polymer containing a nitric oxide dono (dialkylhexanediamine diazeniumdiolate)	21 days	Platelet adhesion and thrombosis	-	[28]
Poly(ester urethane)urea graft	Amine-carboxyl chemical immobilization	Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine	24 weeks	Platelet adhesion	-	[31]
Tissue-engineered decellularized vascular grafts	Covalent attachment of thiol-functionalized hyaluronan onto the thiol-reactive vessel/graft	Hyaluronic acid hydrogel	5 weeks	Platelet adhesion/activation and fibrinogen and fibrin formation	Decrease macrophage adhesion	[32]
PCL fibers	Electrospinning	Cu-metal organic frameworks	12 weeks	Platelet adhesion/activation	Promote endothelial monolayer	[33]
Hydroxyl-terminated poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)	Covalent attachment through hydroxyl groups	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor	Not stated	Increase endothelialization of graft	-	[36]
Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular grafts	Covalent attachment of silanized anti-CD34 antibodies (CD34-APTES) to the hydroxyl-terminated ePTFE surface	Perfluoroperhydrophenanthren lubricant and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) silanized anti-CD34	4 days	Thrombosis	Capture endothelial cells and prevent nonspecific adhesion	[46]
PU and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)	Covalent attachment through hydroxyl groups	Slippery-liquid infused porous surface (SLIPS)	8 hours	Thrombosis; Icing; Scaling; Fouling; Corrosion	-	[49]
Titanium alloy	Covalent attachment through hydroxyl groups	SLIPS	25 hours	Platelet adhesion	-	[6]
ePTFE	Dip-coating	SLIPS (Three lubricants tested perfluoropolyether, and perfluorodecalin	21 days	S. aureus infection	Decrease macrophage inflammatory cytokine	[53]
Glass substrates	Chemical-vapor deposition	Tethered-liquid perfluorocarbons	40 minutes	Platelet adhesion	Measured optimal thickness (between 100 nm and 2 μm) of lubricant to limit loss due to shear stress	[54]
Tissue-engineered decellularized vascular grafts	Dynamic culturing	Human endothelial progenitor cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells	2 hours	Thrombosis	-	[5]
Tissue-engineered decellularized vascular grafts	Dynamic culturing	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	14 days (cell viability)	Thrombosis	-	[55]

-: no data

Declarations

Author contributions

NAJ: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AC: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JIW: Validation, Writing—review & editing. TFD: Validation, Proof-reading, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Tohid F. Didar, who is the Editorial Board Member of Exploration of BioMat-X, had no involvement in the journal review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by an NSERC Discovery grant and an Ontario Early Researcher Award to TFD as Tier II Canada Research Chair. JIW holds the Canada Research Chair (Tier I) in Thrombosis and the Heart and Stroke Foundation J. F. Mustard Chair in Cardiovascular Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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