Table Info

Table 2.

Summary of recent applications of hydrogels as conjunctival DDS

Disease	Hydrogel composition	Delivery route & active ingredients	Study phase	Release duration	Advantages & limitations	Reference
Glaucoma	Chitosan; sodium alginate	Subconjunctival implant; inner core: timolol maleate; outermost layer: levofloxacin	In vitro; in vivo (rabbits)	Levofloxacin: 9 days; timolol maleate: up to 17 days	Photothermal effect: release more drugs upon irradiation; multidrug delivery system with structures that resemble the different layers of a lollipop; cause eye discomfort after long-term use; long-term toxicity needs to be investigated	[64]
Glaucoma	Hyaluronic acid	Thin films in the conjunctival sac; timolol	In vitro; ex vivo (pigs)	Over 24 hours	Direct loading of drug into HA-based matrices; drug availability across the entire film surface; lack of in vivo experiments	[65]
Corneal alkali burn	PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock polymer	Subconjunctival injection; adalimumab; aflibercept	In vitro; in vivo	3 months	Thermosensitive; complete inhibition of corneal neovascularization; increased protection of the retina and optic nerve; minimal systemic exposure; the extent to which the drug delivery system affects therapeutic outcomes of TNF-α/VEGF inhibition is not clear	[66]

DDS: drug delivery systems; HA: hyaluronic acid; PLGA-PEG-PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); TNF-α/VEGF: tumor necrosis factor alpha/vascular endothelial growth factor

Declarations

Author contributions

DT and KYW: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. LN: Visualization. SDT: Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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