Summary of doses, routes of exposure, and duration for nanomaterials

NanomaterialDoseRoute of exposureDurationReferences
Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs)1–100 mg/kgIntravenous (IV)Days to several weeks[22]
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)0.1–10 mg/kgIV or intranasalDays to weeks[18, 38]
Polymeric nanoparticles (e.g., PLGA)10–50 mg/kgIV or intranasalWeeks to months[14, 26]
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)0.5–5 mg/kgIV or oralDays to several weeks[4, 5]
Antioxidant-loaded nanoparticles (e.g., cerium oxide NPs)1–10 mg/kgIV or intranasalSeveral weeks[3, 39]
Phyto-nanoparticles (plant-derived)5–20 mg/kgOral or IVDays to weeks[6]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)< 1 mg/kgIntranasal or IVSingle dose to multiple doses over weeks[35, 40]
Bioactive 2D nanomaterials (e.g., graphene oxide)1–5 mg/kgIntranasal or IVSeveral days to months[7, 32]

PLGA: poly lactic-co-glycolic acid