Table Info

Table 5.

Data referring to kinetic models

Models^※	Parameters	MUP	F1	F2	F3
Zero-order Q_t = Q₀ + k₀t	k₀	0.0026	0.0189	0.0108	0.0068
Zero-order Q_t = Q₀ + k₀t	R²	0.9480	0.9776	0.9626	0.9951
First-order ${L o g Q}_{t} = {L o g Q}_{0} + \frac{k_{1} t}{2.203}$	k₁	0.0551	0.0024	0.0042	0.0042
	R²	0.5730	0.657	0.8805	0.5359
Higuchi $\frac{M_{t}}{M_{\infty}} = k_{H} t^{1 / 2}$	k_H	0.0444	0.0169	0.0143	0.0131
	R²	0.9315	0.6359	0.5677	0.8585
	χ²	5.774	94.47	151.2	4,206
Peppas-Korsmeyer $\frac{M_{t}}{M_{\infty}} = k t^{n}$	k	0.0201	0.001	4.775 × 10^-4	7.086 × 10^-5
	n	0.7070	1.087	1.215	1.470
	R²	0.9662	0.9853	0.9622	0.9826
	χ²	2.8275	9.874	7.138	9.757
Weibull $\frac{M_{t}}{M_{\infty}} = 1 - e^{- {(\frac{t - T_{o}}{τ})}^{β}}$	T_o	8.188	8.822	10.77	8.7978
	τ	111.0	269.4	316.2	517.6
	β	1.006	1.623	1.665	1.683
	R²	0.9776	0.9984	0.9949	0.9904
	χ²	2.155	1.345	1.578	4.509

^※ Zero-order: Q_t represents the quantity of drug dissolved over time t, with Q₀ denoting the initial amount of drug present in the solution and k₀ is the zero-order release constant, expressed in units of concentration per time. First-order: Q_t represents the quantity of drug dissolved over time t, with Q₀ denoting the initial amount of drug present in the solution, and k₁ is the first-order rate constant. Higuchi: M_t is the amount of drug released over time t, M_∞ is the amount of drug released after time ∞, and k_H represents the Higuchi release kinetic constant. Peppas-Korsmeyer: M_t/M_∞ is the fraction of drug released at the time t, k is the release rate constant, and n is the release exponent. Weibull: M_t is the amount of drug dissolved as a function of time t, M_∞ is the total amount of drug released, T₀ accounts for the lag time measured due to the dissolution process, τ denotes a scale parameter describing the time dependence, and β describes the shape of the dissolution curve progression. MUP: mupirocin; F1: 50% sodium alginate and 50% κ-carrageenan, crosslinked; F2: 75% sodium alginate and 25% κ-carrageenan, crosslinked; F3: 25% sodium alginate and 75% κ-carrageenan, crosslinked

Declarations

Acknowledgments

All the authors thank the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq, the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement – CAPES/ Brazil, the Foundation for Research of the State of Minas Gerais – FAPEMIG/ Brazil, the Federal University of Juiz de Fora – UFJF/ Brazil, the Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure Nucleus - NEEM/ UFJF, the Research Productivity Scholarship by the Tocantins Research Support Foundation – FAPT, and the Federal University of Tocantins – UFT/ Brazil for their long-standing support in advancing academic research. They had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Author contributions

TRdS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. SDdS: Investigation. GSC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. NLGDdS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript is available upon inquiry at nelson.luis@uft.edu.br without undue reservation, by any qualified researcher.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Üstündağ Okur N, Hökenek N, Okur ME, Ayla Ş, Yoltaş A, Siafaka PI, et al. An alternative approach to wound healing field; new composite films from natural polymers for mupirocin dermal delivery. Saudi Pharm J. 2019;27:738–52. [DOI]

Fráguas RM, Rocha DA, de Rezende Queiroz E, de Abreu CMP, de Sousa RV, Oliveira Júnior EN. Chemical characterization and healing effect of chitosan with low molar mass and acetylation degree in skin lesions. Polímeros. 2015;25:205–11. [DOI]

Mihai MM, Preda M, Lungu I, Gestal MC, Popa MI, Holban AM. Nanocoatings for Chronic Wound Repair-Modulation of Microbial Colonization and Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:1179. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Santos VLCG, Oliveira ADS, Amaral AFDS, Nishi ET, Junqueira JB. Quality of life in patients with chronic wounds: magnitude of changes and predictive factors. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:e03250. [DOI] [PubMed]

Soares Dantas J, Silva CCM, Nogueira WP, de Oliveira E Silva AC, de Araújo EMNF, da Silva Araújo P, et al. Health-related quality of life predictors in people with chronic wounds. J Tissue Viability. 2022;31:741–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

de Oliveira AC, de Macêdo Rocha D, Bezerra SMG, Andrade EMLR, dos Santos AMR, Nogueira LT. Quality of life of people with chronic wounds. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2019;32:194–201. [DOI]

Mpharm KD, Ramana MV, Sara UVS, Agrawal DK, Mpharm KP, Chakravarthi S. Preparation and evaluation of transdermal plasters containing norfloxacin: a novel treatment for burn wound healing. Eplasty. 2010;10:e44. [PubMed] [PMC]

Shende MA, Sayyad HG. Development and Validation of Spectroscopic Analytical Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Mupirocin and Satranidazole in Bulk and Topical Formulation. Int J Pharm Pharm Res. 2017;10:225–40.

Lamb YJ. Overview of the role of mupirocin. J Hosp Infect. 1991;19:27–30. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Gangwar A, Kumar P, Singh R, Kush P. Recent Advances in Mupirocin Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Bacterial Skin and Soft Tissue Infection. Future Pharmacol. 2021;1:80–103. [DOI]

11.

Tran TTD, Tran PHL. Controlled Release Film Forming Systems in Drug Delivery: The Potential for Efficient Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11:290. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Yasasvini S, Anusa RS, VedhaHari BN, Prabhu PC, RamyaDevi D. Topical hydrogel matrix loaded with Simvastatin microparticles for enhanced wound healing activity. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;72:160–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Deng H, Yu Z, Chen S, Fei L, Sha Q, Zhou N, et al. Facile and eco-friendly fabrication of polysaccharides-based nanocomposite hydrogel for photothermal treatment of wound infection. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;230:115565. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Far BF, Naimi-Jamal MR, Safaei M, Zarei K, Moradi M, Nezhad HY. A Review on Biomedical Application of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels with a Focus on Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel). 2022;14:5432. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Koga AY, Felix JC, Silvestre RGM, Lipinski LC, Carletto B, Kawahara FA, et al. Evaluation of wound healing effect of alginate film containing Aloe vera gel and cross-linked with zinc chloride. Acta Cir Bras. 2020;35:e202000507. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Priyadarshi R, Sauraj, Kumar B, Negi YS. Chitosan film incorporated with citric acid and glycerol as an active packaging material for extension of green chilli shelf life. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;195:329–38. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Laracuente M, Yu MH, McHugh KJ. Zero-order drug delivery: State of the art and future prospects. J Control Release. 2020;327:834–56. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Trucillo P. Drug Carriers: A Review on the Most Used Mathematical Models for Drug Release. Processes. 2022;10:1094. [DOI]

19.

Dash S, Murthy PN, Nath L, Chowdhury P. Kinetic modeling on drug release from controlled drug delivery systems. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010;67:217–23. [PubMed]

20.

Gajic I, Kabic J, Kekic D, Jovicevic M, Milenkovic M, Culafic DM, et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Currently Used Methods. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11:427. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Schmid T, Messmer A, Yeo B, Zhang W, Zenobi R. Towards chemical analysis of nanostructures in biofilms II: tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of alginates. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2008;391:1907–16. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Campos-Vallette MM, Chandía NP, Clavijo E, Leal D, Matsuhiro B, Osorio-Román IO, et al. Characterization of sodium alginate and its block fractions by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Raman Spectrosc. 2010;41:758–63. [DOI]

23.

Cazzolli G, Caponi S, Defant A, Gambi CMC, Marchetti S, Mattarelli M, et al. Aggregation processes in micellar solutions: a Raman study. J Raman Spectrosc. 2012;43:1877–83. [DOI]

24.

Mahardika A, Susanto AB, Pramesti R, Matsuyoshi H, Andriana BB, Matsuda Y, et al. Application of imaging Raman spectroscopy to study the distribution of Kappa carrageenan in the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. J Appl Phycol. 2018;31:1383–90. [DOI]

25.

Carmo IAD, de Souza AKN, Fayer L, Munk M, de Mello Brandão H, de Oliveira LFC, et al. Cytotoxicity and bactericidal activity of alginate/polyethylene glycol films with zinc oxide or silicon oxide nanoparticles for food packaging. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2023;72:577–88. [DOI]

26.

Sartori C, Finch DS, Ralph B, Gilding K. Determination of the cation content of alginate thin films by FTi.r. spectroscopy. Polymer. 1997;38:43–51. [DOI]

27.

Bojarska J, Maniukiewicz W, Fruziński A, Jędrzejczyk M, Wojciechowski J, Krawczyk H. Structural and spectroscopic characterization and Hirshfeld surface analysis of major component of antibiotic mupirocin – pseudomonic acid A. J Mol Struct. 2014;1076:126–35. [DOI]

28.

Elsupikhe RF, Shameli K, Ahmad MB, Ibrahim NA, Zainudin N. Green sonochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles at varying concentrations of κ-carrageenan. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2015;10:916. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Król Ż, Malik M, Marycz K, Jarmoluk A. Characteristic of Gelatine, Carrageenan and Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated by Direct Electric Current. Polymers. 2016;8:275. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

30.

Belattmania Z, Kaidi S, Atouani SE, Katif C, Bentiss F, Jama C, et al. Isolation and FTIR-ATR and ¹H NMR Characterization of Alginates from the Main Alginophyte Species of the Atlantic Coast of Morocco. Molecules. 2020;25:4335. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Kondolot Solak E, Kaya S, Asman G. Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial properties of biocompatible material for wound healing. J Macromol Sci Part A. 2021;58:709–16. [DOI]

32.

Pereira R, Tojeira A, Vaz DC, Mendes A, Bártolo P. Preparation and Characterization of Films Based on Alginate and Aloe Vera. Int J Polym Anal Charact. 2011;16:449–64. [DOI]

33.

van Hoogmoed CG, Busscher HJ, de Vos P. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of alginate-PLL capsules with varying compositions. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;67:172–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Ghosal K, Chandra A, G P, S S, Roy S, Agatemor C, et al. Electrospinning over Solvent Casting: Tuning of Mechanical Properties of Membranes. Sci Rep. 2018;8:5058. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Mane ST, Ponrathnam S, Chavan N. Effect of Chemical Cross-linking on Properties of Polymer Microbeads: A Review. Can Chem Trans. 2016;3:473–85. [DOI]

36.

Xue L, Zhang J, Han Y. Phase separation induced ordered patterns in thin polymer blend films. Prog Polym Sci. 2012;37:564–94. [DOI]

37.

Huang MH, Yang MC. Swelling and biocompatibility of sodium alginate/poly(γ-glutamic acid) hydrogels. Polym Adv Technol. 2010;21:561–7. [DOI]

38.

Wurm F, Lerchster N, Pinggera G, Pham T, Bechtold T. Swelling of kappa carrageenan hydrogels in simulated body fluid for hypothetical vessel occlusion applications. J Biomater Appl. 2022;37:588–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Wu Y, Joseph S, Aluru NR. Effect of cross-linking on the diffusion of water, ions, and small molecules in hydrogels. J Phys Chem B. 2009;113:3512–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

40.

Nasution H, Harahap H, Dalimunthe NF, Ginting MHS, Jaafar M, Tan OOH, et al. Hydrogel and Effects of Crosslinking Agent on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: A Review. Gels. 2022;8:568. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Fuks L, Filipiuk D, Majdan M. Transition metal complexes with alginate biosorbent. J Mol Struct. 2006;792–793:104–9. [DOI]

42.

Ariño C, Nadal AM, Esteban M, Casassas E. Voltammetric study of zinc(II) and lead(II) ions in the presence of alginate and pectin. Electroanalysis. 1992;4:757–64. [DOI]

43.

Keshavarzipour F, Tavakol H. Zinc cation supported on carrageenan magnetic nanoparticles: A novel, green and efficient catalytic system for one-pot three-component synthesis of quinoline derivatives. Appl Organom Chem. 2017;31:e3682. [DOI]

44.

Ahmad S, Minhas MU, Ahmad M, Sohail M, Abdullah O, Badshah SF. Preparation and Evaluation of Skin Wound Healing Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Membranes. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19:3199–209. [DOI] [PubMed]

45.

Ahmad S, Minhas MU, Ahmad M, Sohail M, Khalid Q, Abdullah O. Synthesis and evaluation of topical hydrogel membranes; a novel approach to treat skin disorders. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2018;29:191. [DOI] [PubMed]

46.

Ahmad S, Usman Minhas M, Ahmad M, Sohail M, Abdullah O, Khan KU. Topical hydrogel patches of vinyl monomers containing mupirocin for skin injuries: Synthesis and evaluation. Adv Polym Tech. 2018;37:3401–11. [DOI]

47.

Neupane R, Boddu SHS, Renukuntla J, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Alternatives to Biological Skin in Permeation Studies: Current Trends and Possibilities. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:152. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

48.

Siepmann J, Peppas NA. Higuchi equation: derivation, applications, use and misuse. Int J Pharm. 2011;418:6–12. [DOI] [PubMed]

49.

Salamanca CH, Barrera-Ocampo A, Lasso JC, Camacho N, Yarce CJ. Franz Diffusion Cell Approach for Pre-Formulation Characterisation of Ketoprofen Semi-Solid Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10:148. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Souza NLGD, Brandão HM, de Oliveira LFC. Chitosan and Poly(Methyl Methacrylate-Co-Butyl Methacrylate) Bioblends: A Compatibility Study. Polym Plast Technol Eng. 2014;53:319–26. [DOI]

51.

Shirahase T, Komatsu Y, Tominaga Y, Asai S, Sumita M. Miscibility and hydrolytic degradation in alkaline solution of poly(L-lactide) and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. Polymer. 2006;47:4839–44. [DOI]