Table Info

Table 2.

Summary of modifications, as well as osteogenic factors and cell sources incorporated within the GDP crosslinked chitosan scaffold

Scaffold Modifications	Factors Encapsulated	Cell Sources
Crosslinker GDP [49, 55–57] ADP [54, 56] Concentration of chitosan 3 mg/mL [49, 52, 53, 56, 57] 6 mg/mL [19, 49, 52, 55, 56] pH of chitosan solution pH 5 [49, 52, 53, 55–57] pH 6 [19, 49, 52, 56] Scaffold structure Single layered [19, 52–57] Core-shell structure [57]	Osteogenic factors Ascorbic acid [57] β-TCP [54] HA [54, 55] BMP 7 [19] Pyrophosphatase [19, 53, 55] Non-osteogenic factors Neurotrophin-3 [52]	Osteogenic cells MC3T3 Pre-osteoblasts [19, 54–57] Primary adipose derived stem cells [53] 3T3 Fibroblasts [49] Vascularization cells Endothelial EOMA cells [57] Non-osteogenic cells Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells [52]

Scaffold Modifications

Factors Encapsulated

Cell Sources

Crosslinker

GDP [49, 55–57]
ADP [54, 56]

Concentration of chitosan

3 mg/mL [49, 52, 53, 56, 57]
6 mg/mL [19, 49, 52, 55, 56]

pH of chitosan solution

pH 5 [49, 52, 53, 55–57]
pH 6 [19, 49, 52, 56]

Scaffold structure

Single layered [19, 52–57]
Core-shell structure [57]

Osteogenic factors

Ascorbic acid [57]
β-TCP [54]
HA [54, 55]
BMP 7 [19]
Pyrophosphatase [19, 53, 55]

Non-osteogenic factors

Neurotrophin-3 [52]

Osteogenic cells

MC3T3 Pre-osteoblasts [19, 54–57]
Primary adipose derived stem cells [53]

3T3 Fibroblasts [49]

Vascularization cells

Endothelial EOMA cells [57]

Non-osteogenic cells

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells [52]

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the CIHR and NSERC Collaborative Health Research Program, as well as the Canada Research Chair – Tier 1 in Regenerative Medicine and Nanomedicine, and the FRQS funding. However, the funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Schematic figures were made using a paid subscription to the Biorender Software and graphs were created using Microsoft Excel.

Author contributions

CJA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. BMW: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. ARB: Writing—review & editing. MT: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—review & editing, Supervision.

Conflicts of interest

Maryam Tabrizian is Editor-in-Chief of Exploration of BioMat-X, and Aldo Roberto Boccaccini is an Associate Editor of the journal. They were not involved in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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