BG and EB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. ETB: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
This research was supported by Scientific Research Project of University of Health Sciences Turkey [2022/165] and TUBITAK 1002 ARDEB Project [122M795]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Cebotari S, Tudorache I, Ciubotaru A, Boethig D, Sarikouch S, Goerler A, et al. Use of fresh decellularized allografts for pulmonary valve replacement may reduce the reoperation rate in children and young adults: early report.Circulation. 2011;124:S115–23. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hasan A, Ragaert K, Swieszkowski W, Selimović S, Paul A, Camci-Unal G, et al. Biomechanical properties of native and tissue engineered heart valve constructs.J Biomech. 2014;47:1949–63. [DOI] [PubMed]
Vashistha R, Kumar P, Dangi AK, Sharma N, Chhabra D, Shukla P. Quest for cardiovascular interventions: precise modeling and 3D printing of heart valves.J Biol Eng. 2019;13:12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hinton RB Jr, Lincoln J, Deutsch GH, Osinska H, Manning PB, Benson DW, et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling and organization in developing and diseased aortic valves.Circ Res. 2006;98:1431–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Shaffer F, McCraty R, Zerr CL. A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability.Front Psychol. 2014;5:1040. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sundjaja JH, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Thorax, Heart Pulmonic Valve. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. [PubMed]
Sacks MS, David Merryman W, Schmidt DE. On the biomechanics of heart valve function.J Biomech. 2009;42:1804–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dahou A, Levin D, Reisman M, Hahn RT. Anatomy and Physiology of the Tricuspid Valve.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:458–68. [DOI] [PubMed]
Oliveira D, Srinivasan J, Espino D, Buchan K, Dawson D, Shepherd D. Geometric description for the anatomy of the mitral valve: A review.J Anat. 2020;237:209–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zervides C, Nohra O, Hunduma G, Thomas NW, Samia R. 2006 to 2019 Story; percutaneously implantable aortic valve prototypes.J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;16:223. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Christie GW. Anatomy of aortic heart valve leaflets: the influence of glutaraldehyde fixation on function.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1992;6:S25–32. [PubMed]
Schoen FJ. Evolving concepts of cardiac valve dynamics: the continuum of development, functional structure, pathobiology, and tissue engineering.Circulation. 2008;118:1864–80. [DOI] [PubMed]
Latif N, Sarathchandra P, Taylor PM, Antoniw J, Yacoub MH. Localization and pattern of expression of extracellular matrix components in human heart valves.J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;14:218–27. [PubMed]
Taylor PM, Batten P, Brand NJ, Thomas PS, Yacoub MH. The cardiac valve interstitial cell.Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2003;35:113–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kodigepalli KM, Thatcher K, West T, Howsmon DP, Schoen FJ, Sacks MS, et al. Biology and Biomechanics of the Heart Valve Extracellular Matrix.J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2020;7:57. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bramsen JA, Alber BR, Mendoza M, Murray BT, Chen M, Huang P, et al. Glycosaminoglycans affect endothelial to mesenchymal transformation, proliferation, and calcification in a 3D model of aortic valve disease.Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:975732. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gupta V, Werdenberg JA, Lawrence BD, Mendez JS, Stephens EH, Grande-Allen KJ. Reversible secretion of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans by cyclically stretched valvular cells in 3D culture.Ann Biomed Eng. 2008;36:1092–103. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hinton RB, Yutzey KE. Heart valve structure and function in development and disease.Annu Rev Physiol. 2011;73:29–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Korossis S. Structure-Function Relationship of Heart Valves in Health and Disease. London: IntechOpen; 2018. [DOI]
Stella JA, Sacks MS. On the biaxial mechanical properties of the layers of the aortic valve leaflet.J Biomech Eng. 2007;129:757–66. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jalilinejad N, Rabiee M, Baheiraei N, Ghahremanzadeh R, Salarian R, Rabiee N, et al. Electrically conductive carbon-based (bio)-nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering.Bioeng Transl Med. 2022;8:e10347. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rahighi R, Panahi M, Akhavan O, Mansoorianfar M. Pressure-engineered electrophoretic deposition for gentamicin loading within osteoblast-specific cellulose nanofiber scaffolds.Mater Chem Phys. 2021;272:125018. [DOI]
Thakkar S, Misra M. Electrospun polymeric nanofibers: New horizons in drug delivery.Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;107:148–67. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sharifi E, Jamaledin R, Familsattarian F, Nejaddehbashi F, Bagheri M, Chehelgerdi M, et al. Bioactive chitosan/poly(ethyleneoxide)/CuFe2O4 nanofibers for potential wound healing.Environ Res. 2023;239:117448. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jiang T, Carbone EJ, Lo KWH, Laurencin CT. Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers for tissue regeneration.Prog Polym Sci. 2015;46:1–24. [DOI]
Ibrahim DM, Kakarougkas A, Allam NK. Recent advances on electrospun scaffolds as matrices for tissue-engineered heart valves.Mater Today Chem. 2017;5:11–23. [DOI]
Garg T, Singh O, Arora S, Murthy R. Scaffold: a novel carrier for cell and drug delivery.Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2012;29:1–63. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zimmermann WH, Eschenhagen T. Tissue engineering of aortic heart valves.Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:460–2. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ciolacu DE, Nicu R, Ciolacu F. Natural Polymers in Heart Valve Tissue Engineering: Strategies, Advances and Challenges.Biomedicines. 10:1095. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kheradvar A, editor. Principles of Heart Valve Engineering. Academic Press; 2019. [DOI]
Reina-Mahecha A, Beers MJ, van der Veen HC, Zuhorn IS, Kooten TGv, Sharma PK. A Review of the Role of Bioreactors for iPSCs-Based Tissue-Engineered Articular Cartilage.Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2023;20:1041–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ravichandran A, Liu Y, Teoh S. Review: bioreactor design towards generation of relevant engineered tissues: focus on clinical translation.J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2018;12:e7–22. [DOI] [PubMed]
Schenke-Layland K, Opitz F, Gross M, Döring C, Halbhuber KJ, Schirrmeister F, et al. Complete dynamic repopulation of decellularized heart valves by application of defined physical signals-an in vitro study.Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:497–509. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jin HJ, Chen J, Karageorgiou V, Altman GH, Kaplan DL. Human bone marrow stromal cell responses on electrospun silk fibroin mats.Biomaterials. 2004;25:1039–47. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wnek GE, Carr ME, Simpson DG, Bowlin GL. Electrospinning of Nanofiber Fibrinogen Structures.Nano Lett. 2002;3:213–6. [DOI]
Zhang Y, Ouyang H, Lim CT, Ramakrishna S, Huang Z. Electrospinning of gelatin fibers and gelatin/PCL composite fibrous scaffolds.J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005;72:156–65. [DOI] [PubMed]
Geng X, Kwon O, Jang J. Electrospinning of chitosan dissolved in concentrated acetic acid solution.Biomaterials. 2005;26:5427–32. [DOI] [PubMed]
Min BM, Lee G, Kim SH, Nam YS, Lee TS, Park WH. Electrospinning of silk fibroin nanofibers and its effect on the adhesion and spreading of normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro.Biomaterials. 2004;25:1289–97. [DOI] [PubMed]
Eltom A, Zhong G, Muhammad A. Scaffold Techniques and Designs in Tissue Engineering Functions and Purposes: A Review.Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2019;2019:3429527. [DOI]
Suamte L, Tirkey A, Barman J, Jayasekhar Babu P. Various manufacturing methods and ideal properties of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.Smart Mater Manuf. 2023;1:100011. [DOI]
Chainoglou E, Karagkiozaki V, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Mavromanolis C, Laskarakis A, Logothetidis S. Development of Biofunctionalized Cellulose Acetate Nanoscaffolds for Heart Valve Tissue Engineering.World J Nano Sci Eng. 2016;6:129–52. [DOI]
Dahlin RL, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Polymeric nanofibers in tissue engineering.Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2011;17:349–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Blum KM, Drews JD, Breuer CK. Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves: A Call for Mechanistic Studies.Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2018;24:240–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Darvish DM. Collagen fibril formation in vitro: From origin to opportunities.Mater Today Bio. 2022;15:100322. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sell SA, Wolfe PS, Garg K, McCool JM, Rodriguez IA, Bowlin GL. The Use of Natural Polymers in Tissue Engineering: A Focus on Electrospun Extracellular Matrix Analogues.Polymers. 2010;2:522–53. [DOI]
Hutson HN, Marohl T, Anderson M, Eliceiri K, Campagnola P, Masters KS. Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Is Associated with Layer-Specific Alterations in Collagen Architecture.PLoS One. 2016;11:e0163858. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shi Y, Iyer R, Soundararajan A, Dobkin D, Vesely I. Collagen-based Tissue Engineering as Applied to Heart Valves.Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;2005:4912–5. [DOI] [PubMed]
Brougham C, Jockenhoevel S, Flanagan T, O’Brien F. A Collagen‐Glycosaminoglycan‐Fibrin Scaffold For Heart Valve Tissue Engineering Applications. In: Proceedings of 6th Biennial Heart Valve Biology & Tissue Engineering Meeting; 2014 Sep 10–12; London, UK. ARROW@TU Dublin; 2014.
Sharifi F, Irani S, Azadegan G, Pezeshki-Modaress M, Zandi M, Saeed M. Co-electrospun gelatin-chondroitin sulfate/polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre. 2020;22:100215. [DOI]
Sun M, Sun X, Wang Z, Guo S, Yu G, Yang H. Synthesis and Properties of Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Hydrogels and Their Recent Applications in Load-Bearing Tissue.Polymers (Basel). 2018;10:1290. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
El Fawal G, Hong H, Mo X, Wang H. Fabrication of scaffold based on gelatin and polycaprolactone (PCL) for wound dressing application.J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2021;63:102501. [DOI]
Wong C, Shital P, Chen R, Owida A, Morsi Y. Biomimetic electrospun gelatin–chitosan polyurethane for heart valve leaflets.J Mech Med Biol. 2010;10:563–76. [DOI]
Nikkhah M, Eshak N, Zorlutuna P, Annabi N, Castello M, Kim K, et al. Directed endothelial cell morphogenesis in micropatterned gelatin methacrylate hydrogels.Biomaterials. 2012;33:9009–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Ostrovidov S, Camci-Unal G, Chen S, Kaji H, et al. Engineered contractile skeletal muscle tissue on a microgrooved methacrylated gelatin substrate.Tissue Eng Part A. 2012;18:2453–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zhang X, Xu B, Puperi DS, Wu Y, West JL, Grande-Allen KJ. Application of hydrogels in heart valve tissue engineering.J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2015;25:105–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hong H, Dong N, Shi J, Chen S, Guo C, Hu P, et al. Fabrication of a novel hybrid scaffold for tissue engineered heart valve.J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2009;29:599–603. [DOI] [PubMed]
Eslami M, Vrana NE, Zorlutuna P, Sant S, Jung S, Masoumi N, et al. Fiber-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering.J Biomater Appl. 2014;29:399–410. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jahnavi S, Saravanan U, Arthi N, Bhuvaneshwar GS, Kumary TV, Rajan S, et al. Biological and mechanical evaluation of a Bio-Hybrid scaffold for autologous valve tissue engineering.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;73:59–71. [DOI] [PubMed]
Du J, Zhu T, Yu H, Zhu J, Sun C, Wang J, et al. Potential applications of three-dimensional structure of silk fibroin/poly(ester-urethane) urea nanofibrous scaffold in heart valve tissue engineering.Appl Surf Sci. 2018;447:269–78. [DOI]
Varki A. Biological roles of glycans.Glycobiology. 2017;27:3–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sodhi H, Panitch A. Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineering: A Review.Biomolecules. 2020;11:29. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hook AL, Hogwood J, Gray E, Mulloy B, Merry CLR. High sensitivity analysis of nanogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans using ToF-SIMS.Commun Chem. 2021;4:67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pezeshki-Modaress M, Mirzadeh H, Zandi M, Rajabi-Zeleti S, Sodeifi N, Aghdami N, et al. Gelatin/chondroitin sulfate nanofibrous scaffolds for stimulation of wound healing: In-vitro and in-vivo study.J Biomed Mater Res A. 2017;105:2020–34. [DOI] [PubMed]
Flanagan TC, Wilkins B, Black A, Jockenhoevel S, Smith TJ, Pandit AS. A collagen-glycosaminoglycan co-culture model for heart valve tissue engineering applications.Biomaterials. 2006;27:2233–46. [DOI] [PubMed]
Satchanska G, Davidova S, Petrov PD. Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Biomedical and Environmental Applications.Polymers (Basel). 2024;16:1159. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kitsara M, Agbulut O, Kontziampasis D, Chen Y, Menasché P. Fibers for hearts: A critical review on electrospinning for cardiac tissue engineering.Acta Biomater. 2017;48:20–40. [DOI] [PubMed]
Jana S, Tefft BJ, Spoon DB, Simari RD. Scaffolds for tissue engineering of cardiac valves.Acta Biomater. 2014;10:2877–93. [DOI]
Gunatillake PA, Adhikari R. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering.Eur Cell Mater. 2003;5:1–16. [DOI] [PubMed]
Nachlas ALY, Li S, Davis ME. Developing a Clinically Relevant Tissue Engineered Heart Valve-A Review of Current Approaches.Adv Healthc Mater. 2017;6:1700918. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dias JR, Sousa A, Augusto A, Bártolo PJ, Granja PL. Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Degradation: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.Polymers (Basel). 2022;14:3397. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ravishankar P, Ozkizilcik A, Husain A, Balachandran K. Anisotropic Fiber-Reinforced Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogels for Heart Valve Tissue Engineering.Tissue Eng Part A. 2021;27:513–25. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bruggeman JP, de Bruin BJ, Bettinger CJ, Langer R. Biodegradable poly(polyol sebacate) polymers.Biomaterials. 2008;29:4726–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fallahiarezoudar E, Ahmadipourroudposht M, Idris A, Yusof NM. A review of: application of synthetic scaffold in tissue engineering heart valves.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2015;48:556–65. [DOI] [PubMed]
Masoumi N, Jean A, Zugates JT, Johnson KL, Engelmayr GC Jr. Laser microfabricated poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering.J Biomed Mater Res A. 2013;101:104–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen Q, Bruyneel A, Carr C, Czernuszka J. Bio-mechanical Properties of Novel Bi-layer Collagen-Elastin Scaffolds for Heart Valve Tissue Engineering.Procedia Eng. 2013;59:247–54. [DOI]
Masoumi N, Larson BL, Annabi N, Kharaziha M, Zamanian B, Shapero KS, et al. Electrospun PGS:PCL microfibers align human valvular interstitial cells and provide tunable scaffold anisotropy.Adv Healthc Mater. 2014;3:929–39. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pandele AM, Oprea M, Dutu AA, Miculescu F, Voicu SI. A Novel Generation of Polysulfone/Crown Ether-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Membranes with Potential Applications in Hemodialysis.Polymers (Basel). 2021;14:148. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Li Y, Chen D, He X. Preparation and Characterization of Polyvinylalcohol/Polysulfone Composite Membranes for Enhanced CO2/N2 Separation.Polymers (Basel). 2022;15:124. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wenten IG, Aryanti PTP, Khoiruddin K, Hakim AN, Himma NF. Advances in Polysulfone-Based Membranes for Hemodialysis.J Membr Sci Res. 2016;2:78–89. [DOI]
Maitz MF. Applications of synthetic polymers in clinical medicine.Biosurface Biotribology. 2015;1:161–76. [DOI]
Gürbüz B, Baran ET, Tahmasebifar A, Yilmaz B. Construction of Aligned Polycaprolactone/Poly(Glycerol Sebacate)/Polysulfone Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering of the Ventricularis Layer of Heart Valves.Polym Adv Technol. 2024;35:e6629. [DOI]
Tseng H, Puperi DS, Kim EJ, Ayoub S, Shah JV, Cuchiara ML, et al. Anisotropic poly(ethylene glycol)/polycaprolactone hydrogel-fiber composites for heart valve tissue engineering.Tissue Eng Part A. 2014;20:2634–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Puperi DS, Kishan A, Punske ZE, Wu Y, Cosgriff-Hernandez E, West JL, et al. Electrospun Polyurethane and Hydrogel Composite Scaffolds as Biomechanical Mimics for Aortic Valve Tissue Engineering.ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2016;2:1546–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Firoozi S, Derakhshan MA, Karimi P, Rashti A, Negahdari B, Faridi Majidi R, et al. Fabrication and characterization of nanofibrous tricuspid valve scaffold based on polyurethane for heart valve tissue engineering.Nanomed Res J. 2017;2:131–41. [DOI]
Du J, Wang JH, Yu HY, Zhang YY, Pu LH, Wang JC, et al. Electrospun Poly(p-dioxanone)/Poly(ester-urethane)ureas Composite Nanofibers for Potential Heart Valve Tissue Reconstruction.Chin J Polym Sci. 2019;37560–9. [DOI]
Xue Y, Ravishankar P, Alejandra Zeballos M, Sant V, Balachandran K, Sant S. Valve leaflet-inspired elastomeric scaffolds with tunable and anisotropic mechanical properties.Polym Adv Technol. 2020;31:94–106. [DOI]
Wang C, Chen Q, Wang H, Gang H, Zhou Y, Gu S, et al. Biomechanical Scaffolds of Decellularized Heart Valves Modified by Electrospun Polylactic Acid.Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2024;196:4256–72. [DOI] [PubMed]
Snyder Y, Jana S. Trilayer anisotropic structure versus randomly oriented structure in heart valve leaflet tissue engineering.Bio-des Manuf. 2023;6:423–38. [DOI]
Chester AH, El-Hamamsy I, Butcher JT, Latif N, Bertazzo S, Yacoub MH. The living aortic valve: From molecules to function.Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2014;2014:52–77. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Liu AC, Joag VR, Gotlieb AI. The emerging role of valve interstitial cell phenotypes in regulating heart valve pathobiology.Am J Pathol. 2007;171:1407–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chester AH, Grande-Allen KJ. Which Biological Properties of Heart Valves Are Relevant to Tissue Engineering?Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rodriguez KJ, Piechura LM, Masters KS. Regulation of Valvular Interstitial Cell Phenotype and Function by Hyaluronic Acid in 2-D and 3-D Culture Environments.Matrix Biol. 2011:30:70–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cheung DY, Duan B, Butcher JT. Current progress in tissue engineering of heart valves: multiscale problems, multiscale solutions.Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15:1155–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Krüger-Genge A, Blocki A, Franke R, Jung F. Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update.Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:4411. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bosse K, Hans CP, Zhao N, Koenig SN, Huang N, Guggilam A, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide signaling regulates Notch1 in aortic valve disease.J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013;60:27–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Richards J, El-Hamamsy I, Chen S, Sarang Z, Sarathchandra P, Yacoub MH, et al. Side-specific endothelial-dependent regulation of aortic valve calcification: interplay of hemodynamics and nitric oxide signaling.Am J Pathol. 2013;182:1922–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xu K, Xie S, Huang Y, Zhou T, Liu M, Zhu P, et al. Cell-Type Transcriptome Atlas of Human Aortic Valves Reveal Cell Heterogeneity and Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition Involved in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:2910–21. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yau JW, Teoh H, Verma S. Endothelial cell control of thrombosis.BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15:130. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Malischewski A, Moreira R, Hurtado L, Gesché V, Schmitz-Rode T, Jockenhoevel S, et al. Umbilical cord as human cell source for mitral valve tissue engineering - venous vs. arterial cells.Biomed Tech (Berl). 2017;62:457–66. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kocherova I, Bryja A, Mozdziak P, Volponi AA, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, et al. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) Co-Culture with Osteogenic Cells: From Molecular Communication to Engineering Prevascularised Bone Grafts.J Clin Med. 2019;8:1602. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lau S, Gossen M, Lendlein A, Jung F. Venous and Arterial Endothelial Cells from Human Umbilical Cords: Potential Cell Sources for Cardiovascular Research.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:978. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Schaefermeier PK, Cabeza N, Besser JC, Lohse P, Daebritz SH, Schmitz C, et al. Potential cell sources for tissue engineering of heart valves in comparison with human pulmonary valve cells.ASAIO J. 2009;55:86–92. [DOI] [PubMed]
Weymann A, Schmack B, Okada T, Soós P, Istók R, Radovits T, et al. Reendothelialization of human heart valve neoscaffolds using umbilical cord-derived endothelial cells.Circ J. 2013;77:207–16. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ichim TE, O’Heeron P, Kesari S. Fibroblasts as a practical alternative to mesenchymal stem cells.J Transl Med. 2018;16:212. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gourdie RG, Dimmeler S, Kohl P. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting fibroblasts and fibrosis in heart disease.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15:620–38. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wong T, McGrath JA, Navsaria H. The role of fibroblasts in tissue engineering and regeneration.Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:1149–55. [DOI] [PubMed]
Stramarkou M, Tzegiannakis I, Christoforidi E, Krokida M. Use of Electrospinning for Sustainable Production of Nanofibers: A Comparative Assessment of Smart Textiles-Related Applications.Polymers (Basel). 2024;16:514. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xue J, Wu T, Dai Y, Xia Y. Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications.Chem Rev. 2019;119:5298–415. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ray SS, Chen SS, Nguyen NC, Nguyen HT. Electrospinning: A Versatile Fabrication Technique for Nanofibrous Membranes for Use in Desalination.In: Nanoscale Materials in Water Purification. Elsevier; 2019. pp. 247–73. [DOI]
Oveissi F, Naficy S, Lee A, Winlaw DS, Dehghani F. Materials and manufacturing perspectives in engineering heart valves: a review.Mater Today Bio. 2019;5:100038. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bhardwaj N, Kundu SC. Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique.Biotechnol Adv. 2010;28:325–47. [DOI] [PubMed]
Nikolova MP, Chavali MS. Recent advances in biomaterials for 3D scaffolds: A review.Bioact Mater. 2019;4:271–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Robinson AJ, Pérez-Nava A, Ali SC, González-Campos JB, Holloway JL, Cosgriff-Hernandez EM. Comparative Analysis of Fiber Alignment Methods in Electrospinning.Matter. 2021;4:821–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Keirouz A, Wang Z, Reddy VS, Nagy ZK, Vass P, Buzgo M, et al. The History of Electrospinning: Past, Present, and Future Developments.Adv Mater Technol. 2023;8:2201723. [DOI]
Argento G, Simonet M, Oomens CWJ, Baaijens FPT. Multi-scale mechanical characterization of scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering.J Biomech. 2012;45:2893–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Doostmohammadi M, Forootanfar H, Ramakrishna S. Regenerative medicine and drug delivery: Progress via electrospun biomaterials.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020;109:110521. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sant S, Hwang CM, Lee S, Khademhosseini A. Hybrid PGS-PCL microfibrous scaffolds with improved mechanical and biological properties.J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2011;5:283–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sant S, Iyer D, Gaharwar AK, Patel A, Khademhosseini A. Effect of biodegradation and de novo matrix synthesis on the mechanical properties of valvular interstitial cell-seeded polyglycerol sebacate-polycaprolactone scaffolds.Acta Biomater. 2013;9:5963–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jana J, Lerman A. Effect of an underlying substrate in a nanofibrous membrane system on cultured cells.Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2016;2:045001. [DOI]
Hasan A, Soliman S, El Hajj F, Tseng YT, Yalcin HC, Marei HE. Fabrication and In Vitro Characterization of a Tissue Engineered PCL-PLLA Heart Valve.Sci Rep. 2018;8:8187. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jana S, Lerman A. Behavior of valvular interstitial cells on trilayered nanofibrous substrate mimicking morphologies of heart valve leaflet.Acta Biomater. 2019;85:142–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jana S, Bhagia A, Lerman A. Optimization of polycaprolactone fibrous scaffold for heart valve tissue engineering.Biomed Mater. 2019;14:065014. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lutter G, Puehler T, Cyganek L, Seiler J, Rogler A, Herberth T, et al. Biodegradable Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds with ECFCs and iMSCs for Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:527. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dorati R, Chiesa E, Pisani S, Genta I, Modena T, Bruni G, et al. The Effect of Process Parameters on Alignment of Tubular Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Regeneration Purposes.J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2020;58:101781. [DOI]
Flores-Rojas GG, Gómez-Lazaro B, López-Saucedo F, Vera-Graziano R, Bucio M, Mendizábal E. Electrospun Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: A Review.Macromol. 2023;3:524–53. [DOI]
Datta P, Vyas V, Dhara S, Amit Roy C, Barui A. Anisotropy Properties of Tissues: A Basis for Fabrication of Biomimetic Anisotropic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering.J Bionic Eng. 2019;16:842–68. [DOI]
Flaig F, Hébraud A, Lobry E, Favier D, Egele A, Kékicheff P, et al. Biomimetic three-dimensional scaffolds with aligned electrospun nanofibers and enlarged pores for enhanced cardiac cell colonization.Mater Des. 2024;248:113481. [DOI]
Liu W, Thomopoulos S, Xia Y. Electrospun nanofibers for regenerative medicine.Adv Healthc Mater. 2012;1:10–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Oroujzadeh M, Mosaffa E, Mehdipour-Ataei S. Recent developments on preparation of aligned electrospun fibers: Prospects for tissue engineering and tissue replacement.Surf Interfaces. 2024;49:104386. [DOI]
Hamdan N, Yamin A, Hamid SA, Khodir WKWAK, Guarino V. Functionalized Antimicrobial Nanofibers: Design Criteria and Recent Advances.J Funct Biomater. 2021;12:59. [DOI]
Wu S, Duan B, Qin X, Butcher JT. Living nano-micro fibrous woven fabric/hydrogel composite scaffolds for heart valve engineering.Acta Biomater. 2017;51:89–100. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yang X, Wang H. Electrospun Functional Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. London: IntechOpen; 2010. [DOI]
Jia C, Yu D, Lamarre M, Leopold PL, Teng YD, Wang H. Patterned Electrospun Nanofiber Matrices Via Localized Dissolution: Potential for Guided Tissue Formation.Adv Mater. 2014;26:8192–7. [DOI]
Han S, Nie K, Li J, Sun Q, Wang X, Li X, et al. 3D Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Scaffolds: From Preparations and Properties to Tissue Regeneration Applications.Stem Cells Int. 2021;2021:8790143. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xie J, Liu W, MacEwan MR, Bridgman PC, Xia Y. Neurite outgrowth on electrospun nanofibers with uniaxial alignment: the effects of fiber density, surface coating, and supporting substrate.ACS Nano. 2014;8:1878–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rampichová M, Buzgo M, Chvojka J, Prosecká E, Kofroňová O, Amler E. Cell penetration to nanofibrous scaffolds.Cell Adh Migr. 2014;8:36–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chen X, Fu X, Shi J, Wang H. Regulation of the osteogenesis of pre-osteoblasts by spatial arrangement of electrospun nanofibers in two- and three-dimensional environments.Nanomedicine. 2013;9:1283–92. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kim TG, Shin H, Lim DW. Biomimetic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering.Adv Funct Mater. 2012;22:2446–68. [DOI]
Mahjour SB, Sefat F, Polunin Y, Wang L, Wang H. Improved cell infiltration of electrospun nanofiber mats for layered tissue constructs.J Biomed Mater Res A. 2016;104:1479–88. [DOI] [PubMed]
Maghdouri-White Y, Petrova S, Sori N, Polk S, Wriggers H, Ogle R, et al. Electrospun silk–collagen scaffolds and BMP-13 for ligament and tendon repair and regeneration.Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2018;4:025013. [DOI]
Manoukian OS, Matta R, Letendre J, Collins P, Mazzocca AD, Kumbar SG. Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds and Their Hydrogel Composites for the Engineering and Regeneration of Soft Tissues.Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1570:261–78. [DOI] [PubMed]
Guo Y, Wang X, Shen Y, Dong K, Shen L, Alzalab AAA. Research progress, models and simulation of electrospinning technology: a review.J Mater Sci. 2022;57:58–104. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kai D, Jin G, Prabhakaran MP, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun synthetic and natural nanofibers for regenerative medicine and stem cells.Biotechnol J. 2013;8:59–72. [DOI] [PubMed]
Pedrotty DM, Koh J, Davis BH, Taylor DA, Wolf P, Niklason LE. Engineering skeletal myoblasts: roles of three-dimensional culture and electrical stimulation.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288:H1620–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ashtari K, Nazari H, Ko H, Tebon P, Akhshik M, Akbari M, et al. Electrically conductive nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering.Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2019;144:162–79. [PMID:.
Roacho-Perez JA, Santoyo-Suarez MG, Quiroz-Reyes AG, Garza-Treviño EN, Islas JF, Haider KH. Current Developments of Electroconductive Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. In: Haider KH, editor. Handbook of Stem Cell Applications. Singapore: Springer; 2023. [DOI]
Martinelli V, Cellot G, Toma FM, Long CS, Caldwell JH, Zentilin L, et al. Carbon nanotubes promote growth and spontaneous electrical activity in cultured cardiac myocytes.Nano Lett. 2012;12:1831–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mooney E, Mackle JN, Blond DJ, O’Cearbhaill E, Shaw G, Blau WJ, et al. The electrical stimulation of carbon nanotubes to provide a cardiomimetic cue to MSCs.Biomaterials. 2012;33:6132–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mawad D, Mansfield C, Lauto A, Perbellini F, Nelson GW, Tonkin J, et al. A conducting polymer with enhanced electronic stability applied in cardiac models.Sci Adv. 2016;2:e1601007. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mihardja SS, Sievers RE, Lee RJ. The effect of polypyrrole on arteriogenesis in an acute rat infarct model.Biomaterials. 2008;29:4205–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Alamdari SG, Alibakhshi A, de la Guardia M, Baradaran B, Mohammadzadeh R, Amini M, et al. Conductive and Semiconductive Nanocomposite-Based Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering.Adv Healthc Mater. 2022;11:e2200526. [DOI] [PubMed]
Saghebasl S, Nobakht A, Saghebasl H, Hayati S, Naturi O, Rahbarghazi R. Sandwich-like electro-conductive polyurethane-based gelatin/soybean oil nanofibrous scaffolds with a targeted release of simvastatin for cardiac tissue engineering.J Biol Eng. 2023;17:42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mihic A, Cui Z, Wu J, Vlacic G, Miyagi Y, Li S, et al. A Conductive Polymer Hydrogel Supports Cell Electrical Signaling and Improves Cardiac Function After Implantation into Myocardial Infarct.Circulation. 2015;132:772–84. [DOI] [PubMed]
Li J, Fang W, Hao T, Dong D, Yang B, Yao F, et al. An anti-oxidative and conductive composite scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering.Compos B Eng. 2020;199:108285. [DOI]
Meyers K, Lee BP, Rajachar RM. Electroactive Polymeric Composites to Mimic the Electromechanical Properties of Myocardium in Cardiac Tissue Repair.Gels. 2021;7:53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ahmadi P, Nazeri N, Derakhshan MA, Ghanbari H. Preparation and characterization of polyurethane/chitosan/CNT nanofibrous scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering.Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;180:590–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Haq AU, Montaina L, Pescosolido F, Carotenuto F, Trovalusci F, Matteis FD, et al. Electrically conductive scaffolds mimicking the hierarchical structure of cardiac myofibers.Sci Rep. 2023;13:2863. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]