Table Info

Table 3.

Chitosan composites and their research outcomes

Chitosan composite	Purpose	Scaffold type	Cell type used	In vitro cell response	In vivo response	Ref.
Chitosan/alginate-Hespiridin	Wound healing	Hydrogels	3T3 murine fibroblast cell line	Cytocompatible, proliferative effect	Alg/Chit hydrogel—incomplete wound healing; Alg/Chit/10% hesperidin—no sign of inflammation and complete wound healing	[64]
Chitin/chitosan/alginate/fucoidan	Functional wound dressing	Hydrogels	Human dermal fibroblast cells (DFCs) and dermal micro-vascular endothelial cells (DMVECs)	Stimulate cellular proliferation	Granulation and capillary formation on day 7	[65]
Chitosan/gelatin hydrogel incorporating PEGMA modified PCL nanofibers/curcumin	Skin regeneration	Hydrogels	L929 mouse fibroblast cells	Biocompatibility, more than 90% cellular viability, higher the PCP, lower the viability	-	[66]
Chitosan/agarose	Skin substitute in regenerative medicine	Film	BJ human skin fibroblast cells	Non-cytotoxicity and strong cellular adhesion	-	[67]
Chitosan/fibroin/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)	Enhanced angiogenesis in wound healing	Hydrogels	-	-	Increased wound healing efficiency with increased fibroin content	[68]
Polycaprolactone-hyaluronic acid/chitosan-zein	Tissue regeneration	Electrospun nanofiber	NHDF cells	Good cell viability for 7 days, good adhesive & proliferative capacity	-	[69]
Chitosan-hyaluronic acid/VEGF loaded fibrin nanoparticles	Enhanced angiogenesis in wounds	Sponges	HDF cells and HUVEC cells	More than 85% cell viability	-	[70]
Chitosan hydrogel/nanocapsules/nanoemulsion loaded with phenytoin	Wound healing	Hydrogel	-	-	Higher percent wound healing for the groups treated with allantoin (C+) and phenytoin-loaded nanocarriers on day 4	[71]
Gallic acid/chitosan/hyaluronic (GA-QCS/OHA hydrogels)	Infected wound healing	Hydrogels	L929 mouse fibroblast cells	Better proliferation within 5 days compared to the control group	Accelerated wound healing was obtained due to inhibiting the proinflammatory factor TNF-α and upregulating the vascularization factor CD31	[72]
Dual-dynamic-bond cross-linked ferric iron (Fe)/protocatechualdehyde (PA)/quaternized chitosan (QCS)	For closure of skin incisions and promotion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wound healing	Hydrogel	L929 mouse fibroblast cells	Good cytocompatibility	Better incision closure. The activity of QCS and PA, and NIR-assisted ablation, synergistically enhanced the antibacterial capacity of the dressings against MRSA	[73]
Quaternized chitosan-graft-polyaniline/oxidized dextran	Tissue engineering applications	Hydrogel	ADMSCs and C2C12 myoblast cells	Enhanced proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts	In Sprague-Dawley rats, in vivo hydrogel formation was confirmed	[74]
Quaternized chitosan-g-polyaniline and benzaldehyde group functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(glycerol sebacate)	Full-thickness skin wound healing	Hydrogels	L929 mouse fibroblast cells	-	Excellent hemostatic performance on the hemorrhaging site	[75]
Chitosan/xyloglucan composite	Accelerated wound healing	Hydrogels	NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts cells	An increase in cell spheroid size and good viability was observed	Displayed continuous degradation in vivo, good wound closure property after 5 days	[76]
Fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan (MACF)	Diabetic wound healing	Hydrogels	-	-	Good re-epithelialization with MACF + O₂ treatment	[77]

ADMSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HDF: human dermal fibroblast; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; NHDF: normal human dermal fibroblasts

Declarations

Author contributions

ASD: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. NM and RM: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

ASD acknowledges Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, for providing financial support through the fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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