Table Info

Table 4.

Chitosan/nanoparticle composites and their research findings

Chitosan/nanoparticle composite	Drug/molecule loaded	Purpose	In vitro cell response	In vivo response	Ref.
Chitosan/glycosaminoglycan/AgNP electrospun scaffold	-	Antibacterial scaffolds for better wound healing	Good cell viability; antibacterial property against both E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus	-	[83]
Chitosan-L-glutamic acid (CG) derivative/silver nanoparticles	Hyaluronic acid	Antibacterial wound dressings	Non-toxic to L929 cells size of the inhibition zone increased in a concentration-dependent manner average diameters of the zones for composites against E. coli and S. aureus increased from 20.5–33.0 mm and from 15.5–19.5 mm, respectively	Evidence of healing on day 3, with calluses and slight inflammation	[84]
Silver nanoparticle-impregnated chitosan-PEG hydrogel	-	Wound healing in diabetes-induced rabbits	The zone of inhibition against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus was 20.2 ± 1.0, 21.8 ± 1.5, 15.5 ± 0.8 and 21.5 ± 0.5 mm, respectively	AgNPs incorporated chitosan-PEG hydrogel group was even faster than the healing of wounds with a positive control (32.9 ± 2.1%)	[85]
Chitosan-loaded silver nanoparticles	Iturin	Antibacterial and wound care applications	Inhibition zone for both E. coli ATCC25922 and S. aureus ATCC29213	The wound area gradually decreased from the 7th day after the application of sponge dressing	[86]
PEO/chitosan nanofibers/ZnO	Ciprofloxacin	Burn infection management	Better antibacterial activity of Cip loaded nano webs at 1 μg/mL concentration; ciprofloxacin loaded nano webs 82.5% cell viability HDF cells	-	[87]
Chitosan/polyethylene glycol/copper film	Naproxen	Anti-infection wound dressing	Cu²⁺ ions release inhibited biofilm formation; films with 0.1 mM Cu demonstrated better adhesion and proliferation of human skin keratinocytes A341 cell lines	-	[88]
Copper nanoparticle/chitosan/gelatin composite scaffold	-	Skin tissue engineering application	Scaffolds with copper concentration of 0.01% showed a higher proliferation rate; no oxidative stress upon DCFDA staining. After 7 days, uniform layer of fibroblast cells over the scaffold’s surface	-	[89]
Chitosan-based copper nanocomposite (CCNC)	-	Wound healing	-	Decreased TNF-α production on 3rd, 7th and 11th day; can decrease the inflammatory reaction; enhanced fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition; promoted intact re-epithelialization in rats	[90]
Chitosan/AuNPs composite	-	Antimicrobial wound dressing	Composite was non-toxic to normal human skin cell line BJ-1; maximum inhibition against P. aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameter of 26 ± 1.8 mm; better antifungal activity against unicellular fungi than multicellular fungi	-	[91]
Polyacrylic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan/ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (PAA-CMCS-UsAuNPs)	-	Antibacterial hydrogel	Disorder of the surface charge of bacteria and the damage bacterial membrane; ROS production increased in both S. aureus and E. coli to a level of 200% and 300% after hydrogel exposure	On day 4, hydrogel produced significant regeneration of the epidermis in a full-thickness skin wound model. On day 8, a reduction in inflammatory cells	[92]
Castor oil (CO)/chitosan/ZnO NP (CS/ZnO)	-	Antibacterial wound dressings	Biocidal activity increased with increased CS/ZnO content; stronger bactericidal effect on Gram-positive cells S. aureus and Micrococcus luteus; after 24 h, CS/ZnO loadings ≤ 5.0 wt%, with 90–97% cell; slight increase in cell viability after 72 h of incubation	Wound closure after 14 days in full-thickness wounds on the back of Sprague-Dawley rats	[93]
Chitosan/CuO-NP	-	Anti-coagulant in wound healing	Cryptococcus neoformans could not grow at 10,000 mg/L concentration of chitosan-NP’s; at 10,000 mg/L, chitosan/CuO nanocomposites inhibited the growth of C. neoformans, B. subtilis, and E. coli; B. subtilis was more sensitive than S. aureus and E. coli; good anticoagulant property	-	[94]
Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/TiO₂ composite membranes	-	Wound regeneration	Better hemocompatibility demonstrated by erythrocyte lysis of 3.52%. In vitro wound closure rate of 92.3% at 48 h in fibroblast HIH3T3 cells	-	[95]
Chitosan/TiO₂ composite membrane	-	Wound dressing and skin regeneration	Enhanced L929 proliferation and survival, reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis	-	[96]

Declarations

Author contributions

ASD: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. NM and RM: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

ASD acknowledges Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, for providing financial support through the fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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