Table Info

Table 5.

Properties and applications of chitosan-based smart hydrogels

Types of CS hydrogels	Examples	Biological activity	Applications	Ref.
Thermo-responsive	CS/TOCNF	Good cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory biomaterial	Wound healing	[125]
	CS/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/glycerol	Good fluidity, biodegradability, low cytotoxicity, controlled release	Drug delivery	[126]
	HBCS/C	Thermosensitivity, injectability, tissue-adhesion, biodegradation, biocompatibility, anti-haemorrhaging barriers	Wound hemostasis	[127]
pH-responsive	Polyacrylamide/quaternary ammonium CS/CQDs/phenol red hydrogels	Hemostatic, adhesive properties, wound moisture maintenance, wound healing via antibacterial activity, skin repair function	Wound healing and skin repair function, real-time evaluation of the wound dynamics	[137]
	Methacrylated CS/red cabbage extract hydrogel	Good swelling property, better in vitro release rates, suitable for monitoring visual changes in the wound bed	Wound dressing application	[128]
	CS/CA/TFL	Biodegradability, cytocompatibility, structural and functional integrity, controlled and local drug-release ability, tunable for the shape of the hydrogel	Drug delivery	[138]
	QCS/OD/TOB/PPY@PDA NWs	Slow drug release, NIR irradiation-assisted bactericidal activity, inflammation regulation, collagen deposition, vascular generation, and earlier wound closure	Bacterial-infected burn wound healing	[139]
	N-carboxyethyl CS/HA-ALD/ADH	Compatibility, porous structure, anti-inflammatory, granulation and tissue formation, collagen deposition, accelerated re-epithelialization, neovascularization, improved peripheral neuropathy	Wound dressing in DFUs for healing	[129]
Photo-responsive	CMCS/HA/PDA/TAPP/L-Arg	Injectable, adhesive, cytocompatibility, antibacterial properties	Wound healing in MRSA-infected animal wound models	[143]
	CMSC/sodium alginate/DVDMS/PLGA/bFGF nanospheres	Fluorescence imaging, antibacterial activity, inhibiting biofilm formation, biocompatible, promoting epithelialization	Burn infections	[130]
	CEC/benzaldehyde-terminated PF127/CNT	Good gelation time, stable mechanical properties and hemostatic properties, high water absorbency, and good biodegradability	Infected full-thickness skin wounds	[131]

ADH: adipic acid dihydrazide; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; CA: coumarin; CEC: N-carboxyethyl chitosan; CS: chitosan; CMCS: carboxymethyl chitosan; CNT: carbon nanotubes; CQDs: carbon quantum dots; DFUs: diabetic foot ulcers; DVDMS: porphyrin photosensitizer sinoporphyrin sodium; HA: hyaluronic acid; HA-ALD: hyaluronic acid-aldehyde; HBCS-C: catechol-hydroxybutyl chitosan; L-Arg: L-Arginine; NWs: nanowires; OD: oxidized dextran; PDA: polydopamine; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PPY: polypyrrole; QCS: quaternized chitosan; TAPP: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin; TFL: taxifolin; TOB: tobramycin; TOCNF: TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber

Declarations

Author contributions

ASD: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. NM and RM: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

ASD acknowledges Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, for providing financial support through the fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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