Table Info

Table 1.

Summary of common sEV isolation techniques

Isolation method	Advantages	Disadvantages
Ultracentrifugation	Well-established Widely used Simple protocol	Multi-step process Time-consuming Special equipment required Low yields Isolated sEVs could be contaminated with other EVs
Differential filtration	Fast, convenient, and low-cost Doesn’t need special equipment	sEVs loss due to the entrapment of the sEVs in the filters Cross-contamination with other EVs
SEC	Fast, convenient, and low-cost Yields high purity sample	Typically, needs to be combined with another method
Polymer-based precipitation	Easy protocol High yield Low-cost method Doesn’t need special equipment	Cross-contamination with protein aggregates and other EVs Isolated sEVs could be contaminated with the polymer which might affect sEVs characterization, such as zeta potential, and integrity
Immunoprecipitation	High purity Doesn’t need special equipment Based on antigen-antibody interactions, which can discriminate between sEV sub-types and isolate particles of interest	Relies on high-cost antibodies Low yields
Microfluidic separation	Doesn’t need special equipment once fabricated Fast and cost-effective	Low yields Complex designs/fabrication

Isolation method

Advantages

Disadvantages

Ultracentrifugation

Well-established
Widely used
Simple protocol

Multi-step process
Time-consuming
Special equipment required
Low yields
Isolated sEVs could be contaminated with other EVs

Differential filtration

Fast, convenient, and low-cost
Doesn’t need special equipment

sEVs loss due to the entrapment of the sEVs in the filters
Cross-contamination with other EVs

SEC

Fast, convenient, and low-cost
Yields high purity sample

Typically, needs to be combined with another method

Polymer-based precipitation

Easy protocol
High yield
Low-cost method
Doesn’t need special equipment

Cross-contamination with protein aggregates and other EVs
Isolated sEVs could be contaminated with the polymer which might affect sEVs characterization, such as zeta potential, and integrity

Immunoprecipitation

High purity
Doesn’t need special equipment
Based on antigen-antibody interactions, which can discriminate between sEV sub-types and isolate particles of interest

Relies on high-cost antibodies
Low yields

Microfluidic separation

Doesn’t need special equipment once fabricated
Fast and cost-effective

Low yields
Complex designs/fabrication

Declarations

Author contributions

SAA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. IC: Writing—original draft. KD: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

KD is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number [1 R16GM149496-01]; and the National Science Foundation under award number [2302452]; funding was also provided by the North Carolina A&T State University KL2 Scholar Award from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, grant [KL2TR002490]; and start-up funds from the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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