Table Info

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	Total	Non-MAFLD	MAFLD	P-value
Characteristics	(N = 4,566, 100%)	(N = 2,341, 51.3%)	(N = 2,225, 48.7%)	P-value
Demographic characteristics
Male, n (%)	2,574 (56.4%)	1,095 (46.8%)	1,479 (66.5%)	< 0.001
Female, n (%)	1,992 (43.6%)	1,246 (53.2%)	746 (33.5%)	< 0.001
Age (years)	52 (47–58)	51 (46–57)	54 (48–59)	< 0.001
Hypertension	2,295 (50.3%)	867 (37.0%)	1,428 (64.2%)	< 0.001
Diabetes	442 (9.7%)	108 (4.6%)	334 (15.0%)	< 0.001
Anthropometric variables
BMI (kg/m²)	24.0 (22.1–26.0)	22.5 (21.0–24.2)	25.5 (23.9–27.3)	< 0.001
WC (cm)	82 (75–89)	77 (72–83)	87 (82–92)	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	124 (113–137)	119 (109–131)	130 (118–142)	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	75 (67–83)	72 (65–79)	78 (70–86)	< 0.001
Biochemical examinations
TG (mmol/L)	1.46 (1.03–2.11)	1.20 (0.90–1.66)	1.80 (1.28–2.64)	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.28 (1.10–1.51)	1.39 (1.19–1.63)	1.19 (1.03–1.38)	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.84 (2.36–3.38)	2.81 (2.34–3.30)	2.88 (2.41–3.46)	< 0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	5.08 (4.73–5.57)	4.94 (4.65–5.30)	5.26 (4.83–5.93)	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	20 (14–28)	17 (13–23)	23 (17–32)	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	21 (17–25)	20 (17–23)	22 (18–26)	< 0.001
GGT (U/L)	23 (16–38)	19 (14–28)	29 (20–46)	< 0.001
SUA (umol/L)	354.9 (293.3–421.7)	326.0 (275.3–390.0)	385.1 (324.8–450.9)	< 0.001
SCr (umol/L)	65.2 (54.1–76.6)	62.6 (52.9–73.9)	68.2 (56.0–79.0)	< 0.001
Imaging assessment
β (%)	6.1 (3.8–9.1)	3.9 (2.5–5.2)	8.7 (6.6–12.3)	< 0.001
Index calculation
FLI	32.30 ± 25.08	19.62 ± 18.48	45.65 ± 24.16	< 0.001
HSI	33.46 ± 4.97	31.22 ± 4.25	35.82 ± 4.57	< 0.001
FSI	23.11 ± 22.92	12.74 ± 14.45	34.01 ± 25.03	< 0.001
ZJU index	35.44 ± 4.75	33.06 ± 3.55	37.94 ± 4.57	< 0.001

Continuous variables were displayed as median (with inter-quartile range) and categorical variables were represented as counts (with percentages). The scores of the four indices were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The χ² test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were respectively used to compare categorical and continuous variables according to the absence or presence of MAFLD. A P-value < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference between the non-MAFLD group and the MAFLD group. MAFLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; SUA: serum uric acid; SCr: serum creatinine; FLI: fatty liver index; HSI: hepatic steatosis index; FSI: Framingham Steatosis index; ZJU index: Zhejiang University index

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We express gratitude to all staff at the Health Management Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University for their assistance during the data collection process.

Author contributions

BX: Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. CL: Investigation, Formal analysis. MC: Investigation, Data curation. YZ: Conceptualization, Project administration, Methodology, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (approval no.2020261).

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Funding

This work is supported by the Chongqing Talents Project [cstc2021ycjhbgzxm0150] and the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission Joint Medical Project [2021MSXM057]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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