Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification of the biomaterials from which the vascular grafts are constructed has been used to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis and infection. Herein with a focus on vascular tissue engineering, we provided an overview of (a) fundamental hemodynamic considerations for blood-contacting biomaterials, (b) surface modification strategies to attenuate nonspecific adhesion of proteins, improve hemocompatibility, and induce the formation of a confluent endothelial lining, and (c) the guidelines for the clinical development of surface modified biomaterials.

The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure is mainly due to aseptic loosening. More rarely septic mobilization may occur. In the first case, many variables influence the bone-implant relationship and periprosthetic bone remodeling. Stress-shielding is the most evident but not fully explained manifestation of the bone implant interaction. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium orthopedic implants have offered new perspectives in the field of hip prosthetics, enabling the customization and production of acetabular cups with enhanced biocompatibility. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of 3D printed acetabular cups from the perspective of aseptic failure particularly related to the stress-shielding. The most recent clinical and preclinical studies will be reviewed, exploring the benefits and challenges associated with the use of these emerging technologies. Key factors, such as biocompatibility, mechanical stability, osseointegration, and wear resistance.