Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a benign lesion of the breast that is associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer. This review explores the pathophysiology, risk factors for pro [...] Read more.
Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a benign lesion of the breast that is associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer. This review explores the pathophysiology, risk factors for progression to breast cancer, and lifetime management for patients diagnosed with ADH on core needle biopsy (CNB). The management plan for patients diagnosed with ADH includes regular clinical surveillance, diagnostic mammography, along with risk-reduction strategies such as lifestyle modifications or the use of adjuvant endocrine therapies. This review aims to delve into the complexities of ADH from diagnosis to management to aid clinicians in finding the best way to approach this high-risk breast lesion.
Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a benign lesion of the breast that is associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer. This review explores the pathophysiology, risk factors for progression to breast cancer, and lifetime management for patients diagnosed with ADH on core needle biopsy (CNB). The management plan for patients diagnosed with ADH includes regular clinical surveillance, diagnostic mammography, along with risk-reduction strategies such as lifestyle modifications or the use of adjuvant endocrine therapies. This review aims to delve into the complexities of ADH from diagnosis to management to aid clinicians in finding the best way to approach this high-risk breast lesion.
Aim:
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and serves as a precursor for several bioactive molecules, including steroid hormones and isoprenoids. Generally supplied by the blood [...] Read more.
Aim:
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and serves as a precursor for several bioactive molecules, including steroid hormones and isoprenoids. Generally supplied by the bloodstream, the de novo cholesterol biosynthesis is activated in response to an increased cell requirement due to normal tissue remodeling or tumor proliferation. In estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers, cholesterol biosynthesis may promote and sustain tumor growth and concur with the failure of the treatment with aromatase inhibitors.
Methods:
In this study, the comparison of gene compared the expression involved in cholesterol biosynthesis was conducted in ER-positive tumors that were responsive and nonresponsive to letrozole; besides, an exploration of their association with genes implicated in estrogen production, the Hippo pathway, and cell cycle control was performed.
Results:
In responsive tumors, letrozole significantly decreased the expression of five genes [acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS), and squalene epoxidase (SQLE)] crucial for the biosynthetic process. Conversely, in nonresponsive tumors, these genes were unaffected by letrozole but associated with several genes involved in estrogens production [cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1), hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 2 (HSD17B2), and sulfotransferase family 1A member 1 (SULT1A1)], cell cycle [control cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6], and Hippo pathway [Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) and baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) repeat containing 5 (BIRC5)].
Conclusions:
The findings corroborated the notion that the dysregulation of the mevalonate pathway may contribute to the resistance to letrozole and supported the use of statins to contrast this metabolic dysfunction.
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and serves as a precursor for several bioactive molecules, including steroid hormones and isoprenoids. Generally supplied by the bloodstream, the de novo cholesterol biosynthesis is activated in response to an increased cell requirement due to normal tissue remodeling or tumor proliferation. In estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers, cholesterol biosynthesis may promote and sustain tumor growth and concur with the failure of the treatment with aromatase inhibitors.
Methods:
In this study, the comparison of gene compared the expression involved in cholesterol biosynthesis was conducted in ER-positive tumors that were responsive and nonresponsive to letrozole; besides, an exploration of their association with genes implicated in estrogen production, the Hippo pathway, and cell cycle control was performed.
Results:
In responsive tumors, letrozole significantly decreased the expression of five genes [acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS), and squalene epoxidase (SQLE)] crucial for the biosynthetic process. Conversely, in nonresponsive tumors, these genes were unaffected by letrozole but associated with several genes involved in estrogens production [cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1), hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 2 (HSD17B2), and sulfotransferase family 1A member 1 (SULT1A1)], cell cycle [control cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6], and Hippo pathway [Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) and baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) repeat containing 5 (BIRC5)].
Conclusions:
The findings corroborated the notion that the dysregulation of the mevalonate pathway may contribute to the resistance to letrozole and supported the use of statins to contrast this metabolic dysfunction.
Cancer cure with immunotherapy is an innovative step towards cancer treatment with better survivability, but it is mostly dependent on the response of the patient’s immune system to the immunother [...] Read more.
Cancer cure with immunotherapy is an innovative step towards cancer treatment with better survivability, but it is mostly dependent on the response of the patient’s immune system to the immunotherapeutic approach. This descriptive review article emphasizes the conventional and advanced treatment modalities currently available for breast cancer management. This review also highlights the clinical management of breast cancer concerning immune response especially to unravel the prospects for manipulation of immune cells: such as lymphocytes, including T-cells, T-regulatory cells and natural killer cells, and others like macrophages, dendritic cells, and the panel of interleukins or interferons released by them which has made a significant impact on breast cancer research. In addition, an effort was made to emphasize the different clinical trials and their future implication for the reduction of breast cancer cases. Overall, an attempt has been made to shed light on the possibilities of immunotherapeutics in breast cancer care, as well as the role of immune response in the incidence, aggressiveness, and survival of breast cancer.
Cancer cure with immunotherapy is an innovative step towards cancer treatment with better survivability, but it is mostly dependent on the response of the patient’s immune system to the immunotherapeutic approach. This descriptive review article emphasizes the conventional and advanced treatment modalities currently available for breast cancer management. This review also highlights the clinical management of breast cancer concerning immune response especially to unravel the prospects for manipulation of immune cells: such as lymphocytes, including T-cells, T-regulatory cells and natural killer cells, and others like macrophages, dendritic cells, and the panel of interleukins or interferons released by them which has made a significant impact on breast cancer research. In addition, an effort was made to emphasize the different clinical trials and their future implication for the reduction of breast cancer cases. Overall, an attempt has been made to shed light on the possibilities of immunotherapeutics in breast cancer care, as well as the role of immune response in the incidence, aggressiveness, and survival of breast cancer.
Aim:
Estrogen has an important role in the colonization of Candida through the presence of estrogen receptors (ERs). These ERs are usually used to categorize breast cancer into two types, positiv [...] Read more.
Aim:
Estrogen has an important role in the colonization of Candida through the presence of estrogen receptors (ERs). These ERs are usually used to categorize breast cancer into two types, positive and negative ER breast cancers. The effect of variation in the type of ER and estrogen levels on the biodiversity of Candida in the vagina was investigated.
Methods:
A case-control study, consisting of three groups of 30 patients with ER-positive, 29 with ER-negative breast cancer, and 30 healthy individuals, was carried out. The diversity and counting of Candida spp. in the vagina and estrogen levels were identified in all subjects.
Results:
The growth of Candida spp. was high in the vagina of patients with ER-positive breast cancer when estrogen was at normal levels. Otherwise, its growth was enhanced by high levels of estrogen in patients with ER-negative breast cancer.
Conclusions:
Estrogen levels have no effect on the vaginal content of Candida spp. in patients with ER-positive breast cancer, unlike those with ER-negative breast cancer. The principal recommendation from this study is that vaginal candidiasis and estrogen levels should be checked in patients with ER-negative breast cancer.
Ali Abdul Hussein S. AL-Janabi ... Abdul Razzak Kalaf Hassan
Estrogen has an important role in the colonization of Candida through the presence of estrogen receptors (ERs). These ERs are usually used to categorize breast cancer into two types, positive and negative ER breast cancers. The effect of variation in the type of ER and estrogen levels on the biodiversity of Candida in the vagina was investigated.
Methods:
A case-control study, consisting of three groups of 30 patients with ER-positive, 29 with ER-negative breast cancer, and 30 healthy individuals, was carried out. The diversity and counting of Candida spp. in the vagina and estrogen levels were identified in all subjects.
Results:
The growth of Candida spp. was high in the vagina of patients with ER-positive breast cancer when estrogen was at normal levels. Otherwise, its growth was enhanced by high levels of estrogen in patients with ER-negative breast cancer.
Conclusions:
Estrogen levels have no effect on the vaginal content of Candida spp. in patients with ER-positive breast cancer, unlike those with ER-negative breast cancer. The principal recommendation from this study is that vaginal candidiasis and estrogen levels should be checked in patients with ER-negative breast cancer.