Purinergic signaling, mediated by ATP and adenosine receptors, plays a crucial role in cellular communication and homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS), particularly by regulating synaptic activity, glial cell functions, and neuroplasticity. Glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, contribute to both short-term processes, such as neurotransmission and neuroinflammation, and long-term functions, including synaptic remodeling, tissue repair, and behavioral adaptation. Dysregulation of purinergic signaling in these cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article explores the evolving concept of the synapse, highlighting the active role of glial cells in synaptic modulation and emphasizing the significance of purinergic signaling in synaptic function and responses to conditions such as injury and neurotoxicity. Specifically, it examines the roles of ATP and adenosine receptors—such as P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y12—in mediating key astrocytic and microglial functions, including neuroinflammation, phagocytosis, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal damage. Furthermore, the article discusses the involvement of purinergic receptors in neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, Rett syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder, as well as potential therapeutic strategies targeting these receptors to mitigate inflammation, promote tissue repair, and improve clinical outcomes.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It presents a significant challenge in terms of accurate diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, and the development of effective treatments. This article addresses the role of neuroimaging as an advancing tool for diagnosis, monitoring progression, and treatment of AD. A comprehensive review of existing literature on the use of neuroimaging in AD was conducted using various databases. The different imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET), were examined in terms of their ability to detect amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), the hallmark pathological features of AD. Neuroimaging enables the visualization of Alzheimer-related biomarkers, such as Aβ plaques, tau protein tangles, neuro-inflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, providing valuable insights into disease pathophysiology and progression. These imaging techniques assist in the early detection of AD, distinguishing it from other conditions and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments. This has the potential to significantly transform the way AD is managed clinically. By providing insights into the molecular changes that occur in the brain during the course of the disease, neuroimaging can facilitate early diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and inform treatment decisions. Furthermore, neuroimaging holds great potential for accelerating drug development by allowing researchers to assess the efficacy of novel therapies in real time. Overall, the integration of neuroimaging into the clinical management of AD has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach diagnosis, treatment, and research in AD.

The use of neurostimulation devices for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing field. In this review, we examine the mechanism of action and therapeutic indications of these neurostimulation devices in the AD process. Rapid advancements in neurostimulation technologies are providing non-pharmacological relief to patients affected by AD pathology. Neurostimulation therapies include electrical stimulation that targets the circuitry-level connection in important brain areas such as the hippocampus to induce therapeutic neuromodulation of dysfunctional neural circuitry and electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation that targets anti-amyloid molecular pathways to promote the degradation of beta-amyloid (Aβ). These devices target specific or diffuse cortical and subcortical brain areas to modulate neuronal activity at the electrophysiological or molecular pathway level, providing therapeutic effects for AD. This review attempts to determine the most effective and safe neurostimulation device for AD and provides an overview of potential and current clinical indications. Several EMF devices have shown a beneficial or harmful effect in cell cultures and animal models but not in AD human studies. These contradictory results may be related to the stimulation parameters of these devices, such as frequency, penetration depth, power deposition measured by specific absorption rate, time of exposure, type of cell, and tissue dielectric properties. Based on this, determining the optimal stimulation parameters for EMF devices in AD and understanding their mechanism of action is essential to promote their clinical application, our review suggests that repeated EMF stimulation (REMFS) is the most appropriate device for human AD treatments. Before its clinical application, it is necessary to consider the complicated and interconnected genetic and epigenetic effects of REMFS-biological system interaction. This will move forward the urgently needed therapy of EMF in human AD.

Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are among the most significant health concerns worldwide, characterized by neuronal dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. Epigallocatechin gallate, a green tea polyphenol, has been reported to possess multifaceted neuroprotective properties. It reduces oxidative stress through free radical scavenging, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and stabilization of mitochondrial function. It also inhibits neuroinflammation through modulation of key signaling pathways. It suppresses amyloid-beta aggregation in Alzheimer’s and alpha-synuclein fibrillation in Parkinson’s, thus attenuating toxic protein accumulation. Its activity in the induction of autophagy and promotion of synaptic plasticity supports neuronal survival and function. However, low bioavailability and metabolic instability hinder its translation into the clinic. Strategies including nanoparticle encapsulation, structural modifications, and combination therapies are being explored to overcome these challenges. Future research could establish epigallocatechin gallate as a viable candidate for managing neurodegenerative disorders.

Intracellular amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis and to the neuronal damage in this neurodegenerative disease. Calmodulin, which binds AβO with very high affinity, plays a pivotal role in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and has been used as a model template protein for the design of AβO-antagonist peptides. The hydrophobic amino acid residues of the COOH-terminus domain of Aβ play a leading role in its interaction with the intracellular proteins that bind AβO with high affinity. This review focuses on Aβ-antagonist hydrophobic peptides that bind to the COOH-terminus of Aβ and their endogenous production in the brain, highlighting the role of the proteasome as a major source of this type of peptides. It is emphasized that the level of these hydrophobic endogenous neuropeptides undergoes significant changes in the brain of AD patients relative to age-matched healthy individuals. It is concluded that these neuropeptides may become helpful biomarkers for the evaluation of the risk of the onset of sporadic AD and/or for the prognosis of AD. In addition, Aβ-antagonist hydrophobic peptides that bind to the COOH-terminus of Aβ seem a priori good candidates for the development of novel AD therapies, which could be used in combination with other drug-based therapies. Future perspectives and limitations for their use in the clinical management of AD are briefly discussed.

Intracranial artery dolichoectasia (IADE) is a vascular anomaly characterized by dilation and/or tortuosity of one or more intracranial arteries. While many cases are incidental findings on imaging, the associated ischemic neurological complications of IADE can be severe and must be promptly recognized. This study aims to increase awareness among general practitioners and neurologists regarding this rare and potentially life-threatening condition. We utilized reputable databases for this scoping review, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, from database inception through September 2024, using a combination of terms such as “Dolichoectasia of Basilar Artery”, “Intracranial Dolichoectasia”, and “Ischemic Stroke”. Our scoping review revealed that IADE is a challenging and often underdiagnosed condition, with an estimated prevalence of less than 1% in the general population. Hypertension, atherosclerosis, and advanced age are well-documented risk factors. To minimize the risk of misdiagnosis, we briefly elucidated the pathophysiology of IADE, correlating it with clinical and radiological features. We discuss the diagnostic criteria for IADE based on radiological imaging, addressing the advantages and limitations of different techniques. Finally, we highlight the unmet clinical needs related to IADE management, which may involve pharmacological and surgical therapies tailored to individual cases, with careful consideration of safety and efficacy.

Epilepsy, a complex and widespread neurological disorder, has evolved in its understanding from ancient misconceptions to modern scientific advancements. This special issue highlights pivotal research and reviews on the mechanisms underlying epilepsy, innovative treatment strategies, and the psychosocial dimensions of living with this condition. Together, these contributions reflect the growing interdisciplinarity and depth in epilepsy research.