Cognitive impairment is a common age-related comorbidity with blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage a key event. BBB leakage increases with age, but the mechanisms are still not completely understood. In the current article, we briefly discussed the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in age-associated increase in cognitive impairment. NETosis is a process neutrophils release web-like structures called NETs composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins. These NETs act as physical barriers to trap and kill pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Excessive NETs formation has been associated with various pathological conditions such as thrombosis, cancer metastasis, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disorders. Recent studies further indicated that NETosis plays a key role in the BBB leakage during stroke and depletion of neutrophils can attenuate the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in murine models. In the current article, we briefly discussed the putative role of NETosis in BBB leakage and age-related cognitive impairment. It should briefly summarize the main content of the article, and it may include the background, purpose, significance, methods and conclusions of the article.

Stroke is among the leading causes of mortality and disability; therefore, it constitutes a relevant health problem. Cuban policosanol presents lipid-lowering, antiplatelet, antioxidant and vascular endothelium protective properties, all of which give it a comprehensive anti-atherosclerotic effect. This review is aimed to show, analyze and discuss the main preclinical and clinical evidence of the effects of Cuban policosanol on ischemic stroke. Preclinical studies evidenced the anti-ischemic effects of preventive and therapeutic oral treatment with Cuban policosanol in Mongolian gerbils with cerebral ischemia induced by unilateral and permanent ligation of a carotid artery, and in global cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral clamping and recirculation of both carotids; being similar or superior to other anti-ischemic agents. Also, combination therapy with aspirin produced greater anti-stroke efficacy compared with aspirin monotherapy, but being similar to policosanol plus atorvastatin combination. This anti-stroke effect was associated to a serum thromboxane A₂ (TxA₂) concentrations reduction and prostacyclin (PgI₂) increase, leading to a favorable TxA₂/PgI₂ balance, and also to the malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydryl groups (SHG, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers, respectively) reduction. Cuban policosanol combined with aspirin (standard therapy) improved and benefited patients with prior ischemic stroke in terms of functional and neurological outcomes, in open-label studies and in randomized, double-blind, controlled studies. These beneficial effects on stroke patients were associated with antioxidant and antiplatelet effects of policosanol. Also, the combinations of Cuban policosanol plus aspirin and atorvastatin plus aspirin compared in a clinical study significantly and similarly improved the neurological recovery of patients with ischemic stroke. Cuban policosanol was safe and well tolerated, with no serious adverse events occurring during the trials. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol is a safe and effective natural drug for ischemic stroke treatment, which is supported by preclinical and clinical evidences.

Hemangioblastoma are benign, vascularized cranial tumors caused by autosomal dominant inherited von Hippel-Lindau disease or can appear sporadically. This review will investigate current and emerging treatments for cerebral tumors. It will focus on the current and, more importantly, developing hemangioblastoma treatments. Surgical resectioning and radiotherapy are effective treatment options for cerebral tumors, whereas chemotherapies are not commonly used due to their limited ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Recent chemotherapies have shown promise, but further research is needed to determine the efficacy as a treatment for hemangioblastomas. New advances in brachytherapy and immunotherapy are considered promising treatment options for hemangioblastoma. This review aims to offer valuable insights into the latest developments in hemangioblastoma treatments.