Editor's Picks

Open Access Original Article
Comparative pharmacodynamic analysis of resmetirom, semaglutide and obeticholic acid in translational mouse models of MASH
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effects of resmetirom, semaglutide, and obeticholic acid (OCA) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) and fibrosis progression across three distinct metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) models. A secondary objective was to assess model-specific variations in drug efficacy to inform future preclinical model selection for MASH research. Methods: The Gubra-Amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced obesity (DIO)-MASH model was induced by the GAN diet in C57BL/6 mice for 24 weeks, followed by semaglutide and resmetirom treatment for 4 weeks. The ob/ob-MASH model was induced by the GAN diet in ob/ob mice for 6 weeks, followed by semaglutide and resmetirom treatment for 4 weeks. GAN-carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) MASH model was induced by 10 weeks of GAN diet and followed by 4 weeks of CCL4 in C57BL/6 mice, resmetirom and OCA were given in the last 4 weeks. Body weights, serum biochemical markers [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipids], histopathological NAS scores, fibrosis staging, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression were analyzed. Results: In the GAN DIO-MASH model, both semaglutide and resmetirom reduced NAS significantly, and resmetirom but not semaglutide reduced α-SMA expression. In the ob/ob MASH model, treatment with semaglutide and resmetirom reduced NAS. Semaglutide significantly reduced α-SMA expression. In the GAN-CCL4 MASH model, both resmetirom and OCA significantly reduced MASH progression, resmetirom reduced liver fibrosis and α-SMA expression while OCA reduced α-SMA expression only. Conclusions: Resmetirom, semaglutide, and OCA exhibited model-dependent efficacy in attenuating MASH progression. Although all agents improved the NAS, their antifibrotic effects diverged significantly: resmetirom demonstrated pan-model efficacy, semaglutide selectively reduced α-SMA expression in leptin-deficient models, and OCA showed minimal impact on fibrosis biomarkers. These observations highlight the critical importance of preclinical model selection for MASH therapeutic development, particularly when assessing fibrosis-targeted interventions.
Open Access Review
Circulating endocannabinoids and brain anatomy: unraveling the weight loss connection through lifestyle and surgery approaches
Obesity is a multifactorial disease linked to many comorbidities and has an impact on brain health. It is also known that obesity disrupts the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in the central nervous system and in the periphery, which complicates the underlying mechanisms behind obesity. However, weight loss through lifestyle interventions or bariatric surgery may alleviate obesity-related comorbidities, as well as restore eCB tone. Several studies have reported a decrease in circulating eCBs following weight loss, likely due to the positive association of these mediators with fat mass. However, further research is needed to clarify whether this reduction is a consequence of weight loss or plays a role in facilitating it. This review explores changes in circulating eCBs following weight loss and their potential roles in cerebral homeostasis and the reward system. It examines how lifestyle modifications and bariatric surgery may influence central eCB signalling and contribute to long-term weight loss success. Understanding the mechanisms behind improved brain function after weight loss could provide insights into optimizing obesity treatments.
Open Access Original Article
Glycemic trends, app engagement and achievement of gestational diabetes guideline targets using a diabetes app and Bluetooth® connected blood glucose meters
Aim: Current diabetes guidelines recommend people with gestational diabetes mellitus (PwGDM) use primarily blood glucose meters (BGM) for diabetes management. We evaluated glycemic trends and guideline-recommended glycemic targets achieved in PwGDM using a diabetes app with a family of Bluetooth® connected BGMs. Methods: Anonymized glucose and app analytics data from 26,382 PwGDM were sourced from a server. Data from their first 7-days using the app with connected BGMs was compared to 7-days prior to a 10-week timepoint. Results: Percent fasting readings in range (RIR, < 5.3 mmol/L) improved by +20.3 percentage points in the overall population. Improved glucose RIR (3.5 to 7.8 mmol/L) (+8.3 percentage points), mean blood glucose (BG, –0.59 mmol/L), and fasting RIR (+33.2 percentage points) were observed in those with baseline mean BG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L. Improvements in mean BG of –0.32 to –2.36 mmol/L, and RIR of +3.0 to +38.3 percentage points correlated with higher baseline mean BG ≥ 6.1 to ≥ 7.8 mmol/L. Only 58.5% of PwGDM with baseline mean BG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L had > 80% RIR at baseline, which improved to 79.5% at 10 weeks. PwGDM averaged 17 app sessions and 90 minutes per week on the app. Conclusions: PwGDM engaged with the diabetes app and connected BGM, facilitating attainment of glycemic targets, an especially important outcome for those with higher mean glucose at baseline.

Articles

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Open Access Original Article
Hormone oscillations in the HPA axis: dynamical diseases and beyond
John Milton, Alexander Churilov
Published: June 24, 2025 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2025;2:101434
This article belongs to the special issue The HPA Axis in Health and Disease
225 16 0
Open Access Original Article
Comparative pharmacodynamic analysis of resmetirom, semaglutide and obeticholic acid in translational mouse models of MASH
Rufeng Zhang ... Chunli Sun
Published: June 24, 2025 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2025;2:101433
260 18 0
Open Access Review
Synergistic glucocorticoids, vitamins, and microbiome strategies for gut protection in critical illness
Gianfranco Umberto Meduri
Published: May 14, 2025 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2025;2:101432
648 53 0
Open Access Case Report
Intravenous calcitriol: a critical intervention for severe postoperative hypoparathyroidism when oral administration is not feasible
Ignacio Jiménez Hernando ... Marta Pérez Noguero
Published: May 08, 2025 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2025;2:101431
505 52 0
Open Access Commentary
The 2024 American Diabetes Association guidelines on Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: key takeaways for laboratory
Dipti Tiwari, Tar Choon Aw
Published: July 23, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:158–166
18443 173 4
Open Access Commentary
Updates from the 2025 American Diabetes Association guidelines on standards of medical care in diabetes
Dipti Tiwari ... Tar Choon Aw
Published: April 15, 2025 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2025;2:101428
9089 96 0
Open Access Review
Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted endocrinology and diabetes
Ioannis T. Oikonomakos ... Stefan R. Bornstein
Published: April 01, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:16–26
7685 427 5
Open Access Review
Adult-onset testosterone deficiency: the usefulness of hormone replacement in reducing mortality in men with this common age-related condition
Amar Mann ... Sudarshan Ramachandran
Published: June 28, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:83–100
This article belongs to the special issue The Fountain of Youth: Decoding the Hormonal Regulation of Aging
3965 37 3
Open Access Review
Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted endocrinology and diabetes
Ioannis T. Oikonomakos ... Stefan R. Bornstein
Published: April 01, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:16–26
7685 427 5
Open Access Review
Endogenous glucocorticoids during skeletal ageing
Eugenie Macfarlane ... Markus Joachim Seibel
Published: August 16, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:191–212
This article belongs to the special issue The Fountain of Youth: Decoding the Hormonal Regulation of Aging
3636 218 0
Open Access Case Report
A case series of three patients with extensive lung metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: evaluation, treatment challenges, and outcomes
Kailah M. Charles ... Karel Pacak
Published: November 15, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:218–233
2582 210 0
Open Access Case Report
Beta thalassemia minor: a potential risk factor for osteopenia and osteoporosis
Felicia Woron ... Parvathy Madhavan
Published: October 31, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:213–217
3657 197 0
Open Access Case Report
Patient diagnosed with acromegaly and pituitary apoplexy after breast carcinoma treatment: challenges in diagnosis and management
Ignacio Jiménez Hernando, Laura González Fernández
Published: November 26, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:234–243
1755 182 0
Open Access Commentary
The 2024 American Diabetes Association guidelines on Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: key takeaways for laboratory
Dipti Tiwari, Tar Choon Aw
Published: July 23, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:158–166
18443 173 4
Open Access Review
Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted endocrinology and diabetes
Ioannis T. Oikonomakos ... Stefan R. Bornstein
Published: April 01, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:16–26
7685 427 5
Open Access Commentary
The 2024 American Diabetes Association guidelines on Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: key takeaways for laboratory
Dipti Tiwari, Tar Choon Aw
Published: July 23, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:158–166
18443 173 4
Open Access Review
Adult-onset testosterone deficiency: the usefulness of hormone replacement in reducing mortality in men with this common age-related condition
Amar Mann ... Sudarshan Ramachandran
Published: June 28, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:83–100
This article belongs to the special issue The Fountain of Youth: Decoding the Hormonal Regulation of Aging
3965 37 3
Open Access Original Article
Development of adrenal 3-dimensional spheroid cultures: potential for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency and neurodegenerative diseases
Charlotte Steenblock ... Nicole Bechmann
Published: April 01, 2024 Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:27–38
2968 56 2

Special Issues

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Innovative Strategies for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders: Current and Future Directions
Guest Editors: Dawood Khan; Victor Gault
Submission Deadline: September 20, 2025
Published Articles: 0
Current Views on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications and Related Conditions
Guest Editor: Gulali Aktas
Submission Deadline: October 01, 2025
Published Articles: 4
Role of Dysregulated Cytokine Signaling Pathways in Metabolic Disease
Guest Editor: Alister C. Ward
Submission Deadline: October 09, 2025
Published Articles: 0
Oxidative Stress and Diabetes – Remedies through Functional Food
Guest Editor: Viduranga Y. Waisundara 
Submission Deadline: September 08, 2025
Published Articles: 0
Metabolic Syndrome in Menopause
Guest Editor: Tzong-Shyuan Lee
Submission Deadline: September 08, 2025
Published Articles: 2
The Impact of Digitalization To Improve Nutrition and Self-Management in Patients With Diabetes
Guest Editor: Peter Schwarz
Submission Deadline: September 05, 2025
Published Articles: 1
The Fountain of Youth: Decoding the Hormonal Regulation of Aging
Guest Editor: Marijn Speeckaert
Submission Deadline: September 04, 2025
Published Articles: 3
Regulators of Glucose Homeostasis, Lipid Metabolism and Energy Balance
Guest Editor: Nikolaos Perakakis
Submission Deadline: September 03, 2025
Published Articles: 3
The HPA Axis in Health and Disease
Guest Editor: Charlotte Steenblock
Submission Deadline: July 02, 2025
Published Articles: 5

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