Exploration of BioMat-X

Special Issue Topic

Metal 3D Printing of Biometals for Prostheses and Implants

Submission Deadline: March 31, 2025

Guest Editors

Rupinder Singh E-Mail

Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Research Keywords: 3D printing; direct metal laser sintering; fused deposition modeling; dental implants; smart materials; 4D capabilities

J. Paulo Davim E-Mail

Professor at University of Aveiro, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aveiro, Portugal.

Research Keywords: material processing; 3D printing; materials; biomedical applications; smart manufacturing

About the Special Issue

The 3D printing of biometals using commercial technologies like powder bed fusion, direct metal laser sintering, direct energy deposition, selective laser melting, etc. has been widely reported in the past decade for clinical and biomedical applications. However, these biometals have serious problems related to stress shielding when being used for implant or prosthetic applications. This special issue has been planned to address stress-shielding-related issues through innovative, novel implant/ prosthetic designs/meta-structures covering orthopedic and dental applications. This special issue invites experimental, analysis, and review articles focussing on solutions related to metal 3D printing of biometals with tunable stress shielding capabilities. Along with the design/ topographic optimization use of novel, hybrid materials is of interest in this special issue (covering both human and veterinary applications). The multi-material 3D printing covering more than one metallic alloy for reducing the stress shielding, digital twinning of developed 3D printed implants is also of interest in this special issue.

Keywords: metal 3D printing; digital twinning; meta-structures; multi-material; stress shielding; dental applications; orthopedic implants; prosthesis

Call for Papers

Published Articles

Open Access

Review

Stress-shielding in aseptic loosening on the 3D printed acetabular cup in hip arthroplasty: review article
The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total h [...] Read more.

The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure is mainly due to aseptic loosening. More rarely septic mobilization may occur. In the first case, many variables influence the bone-implant relationship and periprosthetic bone remodeling. Stress-shielding is the most evident but not fully explained manifestation of the bone implant interaction. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium orthopedic implants have offered new perspectives in the field of hip prosthetics, enabling the customization and production of acetabular cups with enhanced biocompatibility. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of 3D printed acetabular cups from the perspective of aseptic failure particularly related to the stress-shielding. The most recent clinical and preclinical studies will be reviewed, exploring the benefits and challenges associated with the use of these emerging technologies. Key factors, such as biocompatibility, mechanical stability, osseointegration, and wear resistance.

Antonio Ziranu ... Greta Tanzi Germani

Published: August 31, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:231–240
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00017

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The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure is mainly due to aseptic loosening. More rarely septic mobilization may occur. In the first case, many variables influence the bone-implant relationship and periprosthetic bone remodeling. Stress-shielding is the most evident but not fully explained manifestation of the bone implant interaction. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium orthopedic implants have offered new perspectives in the field of hip prosthetics, enabling the customization and production of acetabular cups with enhanced biocompatibility. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of 3D printed acetabular cups from the perspective of aseptic failure particularly related to the stress-shielding. The most recent clinical and preclinical studies will be reviewed, exploring the benefits and challenges associated with the use of these emerging technologies. Key factors, such as biocompatibility, mechanical stability, osseointegration, and wear resistance.

Open Access

Original Article

On 17-4PH stainless steel dental implant for premolar 4 in canine under compressive loading: effect of solid and octet metastructure
Aim: The study aims to analyze the canine’s implant behaviour under compressive loading [to be installed in a maxilla at a premolar 4 (PM4) location]. After simulation of various mechanical pro [...] Read more.

Aim:

The study aims to analyze the canine’s implant behaviour under compressive loading [to be installed in a maxilla at a premolar 4 (PM4) location]. After simulation of various mechanical properties, the 17-4 precipitate hardened (PH) stainless steel (SS) prototypes were successfully 3D printed by powder bed fusion (PBF) process with solid and octet metastructure to reduce stress shielding.

Methods:

The maxillary PM4 tooth of a male German shepherd dog was selected as the subject for the proposed study. As PM4 loading in canines is analogous to compressive loading conditions, finite element analysis (FEA) under compression was performed to compare simulated results of solid and octet meta-structure specimens. Solid and octet meta structure-based compression samples were prepared per ASTM E9 standard using SolidWorks software. The octet metastructure was designed with node and connector diameters of 0.5 mm each on 3DXpert software. Further FEA analysis of designed compression samples was performed using Ansys Workbench by selecting 17-4PH SS material at loading conditions of 800 N and 5,000 N.

Results:

The FEA results at the loading of 800 N show that maximum Von-Mises stress in the case of the solid and octet meta structure-based compression specimen was 10.029 MPa and 131.61 MPa, respectively. Further, the maximum Von-Mises strain for the solid and octet meta-structure-based specimens was 0.000049163 and 0.00067179, respectively. Similarly, deformation (in mm) for solid and octet truss lattice-based compression samples were 0.00075097 and 0.001451, respectively. The results observed at the loading condition of 5,000 N followed a pattern similar to that of 800 N loading conditions.

Conclusions:

Octet metastructure-based compression sample showed encouraging potential for withstanding maximum compression loading applicable to canine (800 N) while lowering the impacts of stress shielding. The safety factor against failure (N) was 4.33 and 62.31 for the octet meta-structure and solid compression samples, respectively.

Bharat Kalia ... Gurwinder Singh

Published: August 23, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:202–214
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00015

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Aim:

The study aims to analyze the canine’s implant behaviour under compressive loading [to be installed in a maxilla at a premolar 4 (PM4) location]. After simulation of various mechanical properties, the 17-4 precipitate hardened (PH) stainless steel (SS) prototypes were successfully 3D printed by powder bed fusion (PBF) process with solid and octet metastructure to reduce stress shielding.

Methods:

The maxillary PM4 tooth of a male German shepherd dog was selected as the subject for the proposed study. As PM4 loading in canines is analogous to compressive loading conditions, finite element analysis (FEA) under compression was performed to compare simulated results of solid and octet meta-structure specimens. Solid and octet meta structure-based compression samples were prepared per ASTM E9 standard using SolidWorks software. The octet metastructure was designed with node and connector diameters of 0.5 mm each on 3DXpert software. Further FEA analysis of designed compression samples was performed using Ansys Workbench by selecting 17-4PH SS material at loading conditions of 800 N and 5,000 N.

Results:

The FEA results at the loading of 800 N show that maximum Von-Mises stress in the case of the solid and octet meta structure-based compression specimen was 10.029 MPa and 131.61 MPa, respectively. Further, the maximum Von-Mises strain for the solid and octet meta-structure-based specimens was 0.000049163 and 0.00067179, respectively. Similarly, deformation (in mm) for solid and octet truss lattice-based compression samples were 0.00075097 and 0.001451, respectively. The results observed at the loading condition of 5,000 N followed a pattern similar to that of 800 N loading conditions.

Conclusions:

Octet metastructure-based compression sample showed encouraging potential for withstanding maximum compression loading applicable to canine (800 N) while lowering the impacts of stress shielding. The safety factor against failure (N) was 4.33 and 62.31 for the octet meta-structure and solid compression samples, respectively.

Open Access

Original Article

Bio-materials for intramedullary pin application in canine femur: a comparative analysis
Aim: In this study, the finite elements analysis (FEA) was performed on an intramedullary (IM) pin to be used in the canine femur. The 03 different biomaterials [17-4-precipitated hardened (PH)-s [...] Read more.

Aim:

In this study, the finite elements analysis (FEA) was performed on an intramedullary (IM) pin to be used in the canine femur. The 03 different biomaterials [17-4-precipitated hardened (PH)-stainless steel (SS), nickel alloys (Ni)-625, titanium alloys (Ti)-6Al-4V] were selected for comparative FEA. In-vitro analysis was also performed in simulated body fluid (SBF) on selected biomaterials for possible application in the canine femur.

Methods:

FEA was performed on 03 different biomaterials (17-4-PH-SS, Ni-625, and Ti-6Al-4V) based on Von-Mises criteria (at an applied load of 1,500 N, cell type: tetrahedron, grit size: 0.15 mm, number of nodes: 213,989 and elements: 145,012). The distal end of the IM pin was fixed, and the load was applied to the proximal end. In-vitro analysis was performed (on a potentiostat setup) to establish the corrosion rate of various biomaterials (17-4-PH-SS, Ni-625, and Ti-6Al-4V).

Results:

The results of FEA show Ni-625 absorbed the maximum Von-Mises stress in the case of tensile and compression loading (104.12 MPa). In the case of torsion loading, the maximum Von-Mises stress was absorbed by 17-4-PH-SS (63.331 MPa). The maximum Von-Mises elastic strain (0.00093473) was observed for Ti-6Al-4V while tensile and compression and minimum deformation (0.013869 mm) in tensile loading.

Conclusions:

Based on this study, the maximum safety factor against failure (N) [ratio of 0.2% of yield strength (σ_y) to the Von-Mises stress (σ_v)] was observed as 10.75, 11.38, and 15.89, respectively, for tensile, compression, and torsional loading in the case of Ti-6Al-4V. Also, the better biocompatible material for the orthopaedic implant application based on the corrosion result is Ti-6Al-4V due to a lower corrosion rate (2.63211 × 10^–10 mm/year) in comparison to 17-4-PH-SS and Ni-625. Overall, the Ti-6Al-4V is a better material than 17-4-PH-SS and Ni-625 for the intended application.

Minhaz Husain ... J. P. Davim

Published: June 27, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:178–189
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00013

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Aim:

In this study, the finite elements analysis (FEA) was performed on an intramedullary (IM) pin to be used in the canine femur. The 03 different biomaterials [17-4-precipitated hardened (PH)-stainless steel (SS), nickel alloys (Ni)-625, titanium alloys (Ti)-6Al-4V] were selected for comparative FEA. In-vitro analysis was also performed in simulated body fluid (SBF) on selected biomaterials for possible application in the canine femur.

Methods:

FEA was performed on 03 different biomaterials (17-4-PH-SS, Ni-625, and Ti-6Al-4V) based on Von-Mises criteria (at an applied load of 1,500 N, cell type: tetrahedron, grit size: 0.15 mm, number of nodes: 213,989 and elements: 145,012). The distal end of the IM pin was fixed, and the load was applied to the proximal end. In-vitro analysis was performed (on a potentiostat setup) to establish the corrosion rate of various biomaterials (17-4-PH-SS, Ni-625, and Ti-6Al-4V).

Results:

The results of FEA show Ni-625 absorbed the maximum Von-Mises stress in the case of tensile and compression loading (104.12 MPa). In the case of torsion loading, the maximum Von-Mises stress was absorbed by 17-4-PH-SS (63.331 MPa). The maximum Von-Mises elastic strain (0.00093473) was observed for Ti-6Al-4V while tensile and compression and minimum deformation (0.013869 mm) in tensile loading.

Conclusions:

Based on this study, the maximum safety factor against failure (N) [ratio of 0.2% of yield strength (σ_y) to the Von-Mises stress (σ_v)] was observed as 10.75, 11.38, and 15.89, respectively, for tensile, compression, and torsional loading in the case of Ti-6Al-4V. Also, the better biocompatible material for the orthopaedic implant application based on the corrosion result is Ti-6Al-4V due to a lower corrosion rate (2.63211 × 10^–10 mm/year) in comparison to 17-4-PH-SS and Ni-625. Overall, the Ti-6Al-4V is a better material than 17-4-PH-SS and Ni-625 for the intended application.

Guest Editors

About the Special Issue

Call for Papers

Published Articles

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Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

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